Cáncer urotelial de pelvis renal y uréter

Transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter is a type of cancer that forms in the transitional cells of the renal pelvis and ureter.

Transitional cells are a type of cell that lines the inside of the renal pelvis, ureters, and other organs. These cells are able to stretch when the renal pelvis or bladder is full of urine and shrink when it is emptied. Transitional cell cancer can form in the renal pelvis, the ureters, or both.

The renal pelvis is the area at the center of the kidney. It collects urine before it flows into the ureters, which are long tubes that connect the kidney to the bladder. There are two kidneys, one on each side of the backbone, above the waist. The kidneys of an adult are about 5 inches long and 3 inches wide and are shaped like a kidney bean.

The kidneys play an important role in the urinary system:

• The kidneys filter and clean the blood by taking out waste products and extra water as urine.
• The urine collects in the middle of each kidney in the renal pelvis.
• Urine passes from the renal pelvis through the ureter into the bladder.
• The bladder holds the urine until it passes through the urethra and leaves the body.

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Anatomy of the male urinary system (left panel) and female urinary system (right panel) showing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The inside of the left kidney shows the renal pelvis. An inset shows the renal tubules and urine. Also shown are the prostate and penis (left panel) and the uterus (right panel). Urine is made in the renal tubules and collects in the renal pelvis of each kidney. The urine flows from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder. The urine is stored in the bladder until it leaves the body through the urethra.

Renal cell cancer is a more common type of kidney cancer. For more information, see Renal Cell Cancer Treatment.

A personal history of bladder cancer and smoking can increase the risk of transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter.

Transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter is caused by certain changes to the way transitional cells in the renal pelvis and ureters function, especially how they grow and divide into new cells. There are many risk factors for transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter, but many do not directly cause cancer. Instead, they increase the chance of DNA damage in cells that may lead to cancer. To learn more about how cancer develops, see What Is Cancer?

A risk factor is anything that increases the chance of getting a disease. Some risk factors for transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter, like smoking, can be changed. However, risk factors may also include things you cannot change, like your personal medical history. Learning about risk factors for transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter can help you make changes that might lower your risk of getting it.

Risk factors for transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter include:

• having a personal history of bladder cancer
• smoking cigarettes
• taking a lot of certain pain medicines, such as phenacetin
• being exposed to certain dyes and chemicals used in making leather goods, textiles, plastics, and rubber

Having one or more of these risk factors does not mean that you will get transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter. Many people with risk factors never develop this type of cancer, while others with no known risk factors do. Talk with your doctor if you think you might be at risk.

Signs and symptoms of transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter include blood in the urine and back pain.

In the early stages, there may be no signs and symptoms of transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter. Symptoms may appear as the tumor grows and may include:

• sangre en la orina
• a pain in the back that doesn't go away
• extreme tiredness
• weight loss with no known reason
• painful or frequent urination

These symptoms may be caused by transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter or by other conditions. It’s important to check with your doctor if you have any of these symptoms to find out the cause and begin treatment if needed.

Tests that examine the abdomen and kidneys are used to diagnose transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter.

Además de preguntarle sobre su historial de salud personal y el de su familia y hacerle un reconocimiento físico, su médico podría realizar las siguientes pruebas y procedimientos:

• Urinalysis is a test to check the color of urine and its contents, such as sugar, protein, blood, and bacteria.
• Ureteroscopy is a procedure to look inside the ureter and renal pelvis to check for abnormal areas. A ureteroscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lente for viewing. The ureteroscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis. A tool may be inserted through the ureteroscope to take tissue samples to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease.
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  A ureteroscopy is a procedure that uses a ureteroscope (a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing) to look inside the ureter and renal pelvis to check for abnormal areas. The ureteroscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis.
  

• Urine cytology is a laboratory test in which a sample of urine is checked under a microscope for abnormal cells. Cancer in the kidney, bladder, or ureter may shed cancer cells into the urine.
• CT scan (CAT scan) uses a computer linked to an x-ray machine to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body from different angles. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
• Ultrasound uses high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) that bounce off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram. An ultrasound of the abdomen may be done to help diagnose cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter.
• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, such as the pelvis. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
• Biopsy is the removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. This may be done during a ureteroscopy or surgery.

After transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the renal pelvis and ureter or to other parts of the body.

The process used to find out if the cancer has spread within the renal pelvis and ureter or to other parts of the body is called staging. The information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease. The results of the diagnostic and staging tests will also help you and your doctor plan treatment.

The following tests and procedures may also be used in the staging process:

• Chest x-ray is an x-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.
• PET scan (positron emission tomography scan) uses a small amount of radioactive sugar (also called glucose) that is injected into a vein. Then a scanner is used to make detailed, computerized pictures of areas inside the body where the glucose is taken up. Because cancer cells often take up more glucose than normal cells, the pictures can be used to find cancer cells in the body.
• Bone scan is used to check if there are rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells, in the bone. A very small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream. The radioactive material collects in the bones with cancer and is detected by a scanner.

Algunas personas deciden buscar una segunda opinión.

You may want to get a second opinion to confirm your cancer diagnosis and treatment plan. If you seek a second opinion, you will need to get medical test results and reports from the first doctor to share with the second doctor. The second doctor will review the pathology report, slides, and scans. They may agree with the first doctor, suggest changes or another treatment approach, or provide more information about your cancer.

To learn more about choosing a doctor and getting a second opinion, see Finding Cancer Care. You can contact NCI’s Cancer Information Service via chat, email, or phone (both in English and Spanish) for help finding a doctor, hospital, or getting a second opinion. For questions you might want to ask at your appointments, see Questions to Ask Your Doctor about Cancer.

Hay algunos factores que afectan al pronóstico (es decir, la posibilidad de recuperación) y a las opciones de tratamiento.

The prognosis depends on the stage and grade of the tumor.

The treatment options depend on:

• the stage and grade of the tumor
• where the tumor is
• whether the patient's other kidney is healthy
• whether the cancer has recurred (come back)

Most transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter can be cured if found early.

Cancer stage describes the extent of cancer in the body, such as the size of the tumor, whether it has spread, and how far it has spread from where it first formed. It is important to know the stage of transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter to plan the best treatment.  

There are several staging systems for cancer that describe the extent of the cancer. Transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter staging usually uses the TNM staging system. You may see your cancer described by this staging system in your pathology report. Based on the TNM results, a stage (I, II, III, or IV, also written as 1, 2, 3, or 4) is assigned to your cancer. When talking to you about your cancer, your doctor may describe it as one of these stages. 

Learn more about Cancer Staging.

The following stages are used for transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and/or ureter:

Transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter is also described as localized, regional, metastatic, or recurrent:

There are different types of treatment for patients with transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter.

Different types of treatments are available for people with transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter. You and your cancer care team will work together to decide your treatment plan, which may include more than one type of treatment. Many factors will be considered, such as the stage of the cancer, your overall health, and your preferences. Your plan will include information about your cancer, the goals of treatment, your treatment options and the possible side effects, and the expected length of treatment. 

Talking with your cancer care team before treatment begins about what to expect will be helpful. You’ll want to learn what you need to do before treatment begins, how you’ll feel while going through it, and what kind of help you will need. To learn more, see Questions to Ask Your Doctor about Treatment. 

The following type of treatment is used:

Se están probando nuevos tipos de tratamiento en ensayos clínicos.

Para algunas personas, participar en un ensayo clínico puede ser una opción. Existen distintos tipos de ensayos clínicos para personas con cáncer. Por ejemplo, un ensayo prueba nuevos tratamientos o nuevas formas de utilizar los tratamientos existentes. Los ensayos de atención de apoyo en el cáncer y cuidados paliativos buscan formas de mejorar la calidad de vida, especialmente para quienes tienen efectos secundarios a causa de la enfermedad y su tratamiento.

Puede utilizar la búsqueda de ensayos clínicos y encontrar ensayos clínicos sobre cáncer patrocinados por el NCI que acepten participantes. La búsqueda le permite filtrar los ensayos según el tipo de cáncer, su edad y el lugar donde se realizan los ensayos. Puede encontrar ensayos clínicos patrocinados por otras organizaciones en el sitio web ClinicalTrials.gov.

Más información sobre ensayos clínicos, incluido cómo encontrar y participar en uno de ellos, en Información sobre ensayos clínicos para pacientes y cuidadores.

This summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials. It may not mention every new treatment being studied.

Treatment for transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter may cause side effects.

Para obtener información sobre los efectos secundarios causados por el tratamiento para el cáncer, visite nuestra página sobre efectos secundarios.

A veces se necesitan cuidados de seguimiento.

A medida que avanza el tratamiento, se le realizarán pruebas o controles de seguimiento. Es posible que se repitan algunas pruebas para diagnosticar o estadificar el cáncer con el fin de evaluar qué tan bien que está funcionando el tratamiento. Las decisiones sobre si continuar, cambiar o suspender el tratamiento pueden basarse en los resultados de estas pruebas.

Algunas de las pruebas se seguirán realizando de forma periódica después de que haya terminado el tratamiento. Los resultados de estas pruebas pueden mostrar si su afección ha cambiado o si el cáncer ha recidivado (regresado).

Acerca del PDQ

Physician Data Query (PDQ) es la base de datos integral sobre el cáncer del Instituto Nacional del Cáncer (NCI). La base de datos del PDQ contiene resúmenes de la última información publicada sobre prevención, detección, genética, tratamiento, atención médica de apoyo y medicina complementaria y alternativa relacionada con el cáncer. La mayoría de los resúmenes se redactan en dos versiones. Las versiones para profesionales de la salud contienen información detallada escrita en lenguaje técnico. Las versiones para pacientes están redactadas en un lenguaje fácil de entender, que no es técnico. Ambas versiones contienen información sobre el cáncer correcta y actualizada. La mayoría de las versiones también están disponibles en español.

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Propósito de este resumen

This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.

Revisores y actualizaciones

Los consejos editoriales escriben los resúmenes de información sobre el cáncer del PDQ y los mantienen actualizados. Estos consejos están conformados por equipos de especialistas en el tratamiento del cáncer y otras especialidades relacionadas con esta enfermedad. Los resúmenes se revisan periódicamente y se modifican cuando hay información nueva. La fecha de actualización al pie de cada resumen indica cuándo fue el cambio más reciente.

La información de este resumen para pacientes procede de la versión para profesionales de la salud, la cual el Consejo Editorial del PDQ sobre el tratamiento para adultos revisa y actualiza de forma periódica según sea necesario.

Información sobre ensayos clínicos

Un ensayo clínico es un estudio para responder a una pregunta científica; por ejemplo, si un tratamiento es mejor que otro. Los ensayos se basan en estudios anteriores y en lo que se ha aprendido en el laboratorio. Cada ensayo responde a ciertas preguntas científicas para descubrir mejores maneras de ayudar a los pacientes con cáncer. Durante los ensayos clínicos de tratamiento, se recopila información sobre los efectos de un tratamiento nuevo y su eficacia. Si un ensayo clínico demuestra que un tratamiento nuevo es mejor que uno que se utiliza actualmente, el tratamiento nuevo puede convertirse en “estándar”. Participar en un ensayo clínico puede ser una opción para los pacientes. Algunos ensayos clínicos están abiertos solo a pacientes que aún no han comenzado el tratamiento.

Los ensayos clínicos se pueden encontrar en línea en el sitio web del NCI. Para obtener más información, llame al Servicio de Información sobre el Cáncer (CIS, por sus siglas en inglés), el centro de contacto del NCI, al 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).

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La forma recomendada para citar este resumen del PDQ es:

PDQ® Adult Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Transitional Cell Cancer of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/types/kidney/patient/transitional-cell-treatment-pdq. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389285]

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