About Leigh Syndrome
El New York Center for Rare Diseases apoya la misión y las pautas del Centro de Información sobre Enfermedades Raras y Genéticas (GARD, por sus siglas en inglés). La siguiente información ha sido proporcionada por los NIH.
Resumen
Leigh syndrome is a rare, inherited neurodegenerative condition. It usually becomes apparent in infancy, often after a viral infection. Signs and symptoms usually progress rapidly. Early symptoms may include poor sucking ability; loss of head control and motor skills; loss of appetite; vomiting; and seizures. As the condition progresses, symptoms may include weakness and lack of muscle tone; spasticity; movement disorders; cerebellar ataxia; and peripheral neuropathy. Complications can lead to impairment of respiratory, heart and kidney function. The term "Leigh-like syndrome" is often used for people with features that are strongly suggestive of Leigh syndrome but who do not meet the diagnostic criteria. The inheritance of Leigh syndrome depends on where the responsible gene is located in each case. This is because it can be due to genetic changes in either mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA: Mitochondrial DNA-associated Leigh syndrome follows a mitochondrial inheritance pattern (also called maternal inheritance). Nuclear gene-encoded Leigh syndrome may be inherited in an autosomal recessive or X-linked manner.
Causas
¿Qué causa esta enfermedad?
Genetic Mutations: Leigh syndrome is caused by genetic mutations, also known as pathogenic variants. Genetic mutations can be hereditary, when parents pass them down to their children, or they may occur randomly when cells are dividing. Genetic mutations may also result from contracted viruses, environmental factors, such as UV radiation from sunlight exposure, or a combination of any of these.
Si sospecha que puede tener esta enfermedad, se recomienda que empiece a recopilar el historial de salud de su familia. Debe comentar con su equipo médico cualquier información sobre otros familiares que hayan tenido síntomas similares, cuándo aparecieron por primera vez dichos síntomas (en usted o en sus parientes) o la exposición a factores ambientales que pudieran, potencialmente, causar la enfermedad.
Disruption in Metabolism: Leigh syndrome is caused by a disruption in a person's metabolism. Metabolism is the series of chemical reactions in our body that turns the food we eat into energy and removes toxins. Hormones and specific proteins, called enzymes, help make the right chemical reactions happen in the right order. However, genetic changes can prevent hormones or enzymes from working properly, which can lead to a disruption in metabolism such as energy not being created for the body or toxins not being removed from the body.
Impaired Mitochondrial Function: Leigh syndrome is caused by an impairment, or issue, in mitochondrial function. Mitochondria make the energy needed for cells to work properly. When mitochondria are unable to produce enough energy for a cell, the cell can become damaged or can die. Depending on the location and number of damaged cells, different organs and body systems can be affected.
¿Puede esta enfermedad transmitirse de padres a hijos?
Sí. Es posible que un progenitor biológico transmita a su hijo mutaciones genéticas que causen esta enfermedad o que aumenten las probabilidades de heredarla. Esto se conoce como herencia. Saber si otros miembros de la familia han tenido previamente esta enfermedad o, dicho de otro modo, el historial de salud de su familia, puede ser una información muy importante para su equipo médico.
Existen diversas formas o patrones en los que una enfermedad puede heredarse en función del gen o los genes implicados. A partir de los datos actuales del GARD, esta enfermedad puede heredarse según los siguientes patrones:
Mitochondrial Inheritance: Mitochondrial inheritance means the genetic mutation is located in a specific type of DNA, called mtDNA. mtDNA is found within the cell's mitochondria. Mitochondria are tiny structures that produce energy for the body. Genetic mutations within mtDNA can prevent the mitochondria from working properly.
During human conception, egg cells, or the cells that come from the female parent, provide mitochondria. If a female parent is affected by a mitochondrial genetic mutation, there is a 100% chance their child inherits the mutated gene. However, the child may or may not be affected by the disease. A male parent cannot pass mitochondrial genetic mutations to their children.
Autosomal Recessive: Autosomal means the gene involved is located on one of the numbered chromosomes. Recessive means that a child must inherit two copies of the mutated gene, one from each biological parent, to be affected by the disease. A carrier is a person who only has one copy of the genetic mutation. A carrier usually doesn't show any symptoms of the disease.
Si ambos padres biológicos son portadores, existe un 25 % de probabilidades de que su hijo o hija herede ambas copias del gen mutado y se vea afectado por la enfermedad. Además, existe un 50 % de probabilidades de que herede solo una copia del gen mutado y sea portador.
Ligada al cromosoma X: la herencia ligada al cromosoma X significa que la mutación genética se encuentra en el cromosoma X, uno de los dos cromosomas sexuales. El par de cromosomas sexuales masculinos está formado por un cromosoma X y un cromosoma Y (XY). El par de cromosomas sexuales femeninos está formado por dos cromosomas X (XX). Debido a que los hombres tienen solo un cromosoma X, solo es necesaria una copia del gen mutado para causar la enfermedad. Las mujeres que tienen una copia del gen mutado pueden tener síntomas similares a los que experimentan los hombres afectados, pero suelen tener síntomas menos graves o no presentar síntoma alguno.
Las madres biológicas con un gen mutado ligado al cromosoma X tienen un 50 % de probabilidades de transmitir la mutación a cada uno de sus hijos o hijas. Los progenitores varones con un gen mutado ligado al cromosoma X transmitirán la mutación a todas sus hijas, pero no podrán transmitirla a sus hijos varones.