Fondo de planta borrosa de tratamiento de cáncer de mecc

Tratamiento del glioma de tronco encefálico

Tratamiento del glioma de tronco encefálico

Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center at the Children’s Hospital at Montefiore Einstein (CHAM) offers exceptional brain stem glioma treatment and care for your child. Hematology, oncology and cellular therapy specialists provide the best available care and leading-edge therapies, including clinical trials in a supportive, nurturing environment.

Our cross-disciplinary research model brings together outstanding physicians with internationally recognized scientists to develop our own innovative therapeutics and treatment strategies. We bring a team of specialists to each patient we work with. It includes pediatric oncologists, surgical oncologists, oncology nurses, radiation oncologists, diagnostic radiologists, pathologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, physical and occupational therapists, social workers, child life specialists and others. They create a caring, nurturing environment that makes you and your child as comfortable as possible.

En el momento en que requiera atención para su hijo o hija, confíe en nuestros especialistas del Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center en el CHAM, comprometidos con erradicar el cáncer y responder de manera integral a todas las necesidades de salud de su hijo o hija.

Childhood Brain Stem Glioma Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version

General Information About Childhood Brain Stem Glioma

Puntos clave

  • Childhood brain stem glioma is a disease in which benign (noncancer) or malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the brain stem.
  • There are two types of brain stem gliomas in children.
  • The cause of most childhood brain tumors is unknown.
  • The signs and symptoms of brain stem glioma are not the same in every child.
  • Tests that examine the brain are used to detect (find) childhood brain stem glioma.
  • A biopsy may be done to diagnose certain types of brain stem glioma.
  • Ciertos factores afectan el pronóstico (posibilidad de recuperación).

Childhood brain stem glioma is a disease in which benign (noncancer) or malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the brain stem.

Gliomas are tumors formed from glial cells. Glial cells in the brain hold nerve cells in place, bring food and oxygen to nerve cells, and help protect nerve cells from disease, such as infection. In brain stem glioma, the glial cells in the brain stem are affected.

The brain stem is made up of the midbrain, pons, and medulla. It is the lowest part of the brain and connects to the spinal cord, just above the back of the neck. The brain stem controls vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure, and the nerves and muscles used in seeing, hearing, walking, talking, and eating.

Most childhood brain stem gliomas are diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPG), which form in the pons. Focal gliomas form in other parts of the brain stem.

Anatomy of the brain; the right panel shows the supratentorial area (the upper part of the brain) and the posterior fossa/infratentorial area (the lower back part of the brain). The supratentorial area contains the cerebrum, lateral ventricle and third ventricle (with cerebrospinal fluid shown in blue), choroid plexus, pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and optic nerve. The posterior fossa/infratentorial area contains the cerebellum, tectum, fourth ventricle, and brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla). The tentorium and spinal cord are also shown. The left panel shows the cerebrum, ventricles (fluid-filled spaces), meninges, skull, cerebellum, brain stem (pons and medulla), and spinal cord.

Anatomy of the brain. The supratentorial area (the upper part of the brain) contains the cerebrum, lateral ventricle and third ventricle (with cerebrospinal fluid shown in blue), choroid plexus, pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and optic nerve. The posterior fossa/infratentorial area (the lower back part of the brain) contains the cerebellum, tectum, fourth ventricle, and brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla). The tentorium separates the supratentorium from the infratentorium (right panel). The skull and meninges protect the brain and spinal cord (left panel).

Brain tumors are the second most common type of cancer in children.

This summary is about the treatment of primary brain tumors (tumors that begin in the brain). Treatment for metastatic brain tumors, which are tumors formed by cancer cells that begin in other parts of the body and spread to the brain, is not discussed in this summary.

Brain tumors can occur in both children and adults; however, treatment for children may be different than treatment for adults. For information on treatment of brain tumors in adults, see the PDQ summary Adult Central Nervous System Tumors Treatment.

There are two types of brain stem gliomas in children.

Even though DIPG and focal brain stem glioma form in the same type of cell, they act differently:

  • DIPG. DIPG is a fast-growing tumor that forms in the pons. DIPG is hard to treat and has a poor pronóstico (chance of recovery) because of the following:
    • It is not a well-defined tumor and spreads among the healthy cells in the brain stem.
    • Vital functions, such as breathing and heart rate, may be affected.
  • Focal brain stem glioma. A focal glioma is a slow-growing tumor that forms outside the pons and in only one area of the brain stem. It is easier to treat and has a better prognosis than DIPG.

The cause of most childhood brain tumors is unknown.

Anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn’t mean that you will not get cancer. Talk with your child's doctor if you think your child may be at risk. Possible risk factors for brain stem glioma include:

The signs and symptoms of brain stem glioma are not the same in every child.

Signs and symptoms depend on the following:

  • Where the tumor forms in the brain.
  • The size of the tumor and whether it has spread throughout the brain stem.
  • How fast the tumor grows.
  • The child's age and stage of development.

Signs and symptoms may be caused by childhood brain stem gliomas or by other conditions. Check with your child's doctor if your child has any of the following:

  • Trouble with eye movement (the eye is turned inward).
  • Problemas de la vista.
  • Morning headache or headache that goes away after vomiting.
  • Nausea and vomiting.
  • Unusual sleepiness.
  • Loss of ability to move one side of the face or body.
  • Loss of balance and trouble walking.
  • More or less energy than usual.
  • Changes in behavior.
  • Trouble learning in school.

Tests that examine the brain are used to detect (find) childhood brain stem glioma.

Se pueden utilizar las siguientes pruebas y procedimientos:

  • Examen físico e historial médico.: un examen del cuerpo para verificar signos generales de salud, incluida la detección de signos de enfermedad, como bultos o cualquier otra cosa que parezca inusual. También se tomará un historial de los hábitos de salud del paciente y de enfermedades y tratamientos pasados.
  • Neurological exam: A series of questions and tests to check the brain, spinal cord, and nerve function. The exam checks a person’s mental status, coordination, and ability to walk normally, and how well the muscles, senses, and reflexes work. This may also be called a neuro exam or a neurologic exam.
  • MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) with gadolinium: A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the brain. A substance called gadolinium is injected into a vein. The gadolinium collects around the cancer cells so they show up brighter in the picture. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).

A biopsy may be done to diagnose certain types of brain stem glioma.

If the MRI scan looks like the tumor is a DIPG, a biopsy is usually not done and the tumor is not removed. When the MRI scan results are uncertain, a biopsy may be done.

If the MRI scan looks like a focal brain stem glioma, a biopsy may be done. A part of the skull is removed and a needle is used to remove a sample of the brain tissue. Sometimes, the needle is guided by a computer. A pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells. If cancer cells are found, the doctor will remove as much tumor as safely possible during the same surgery.

Dibujo de una craneotomía que muestra una sección del cuero cabelludo retraída para extraer un fragmento del cráneo; la duramadre que recubre el cerebro se ha abierto para exponerlo. También se muestra la capa muscular bajo el cuero cabelludo.

Craniotomy: An opening is made in the skull and a piece of the skull is removed to show part of the brain.

The following test may be done on the tissue sample that was removed during biopsy or surgery:

  • Immunohistochemistry: A laboratory test that uses antibodies to check for certain antigens (markers) in a sample of a patient’s tissue. The antibodies are usually linked to an enzyme or a fluorescent dye. After the antibodies bind to a specific antigen in the tissue sample, the enzyme or dye is activated, and the antigen can then be seen under a microscope. This type of test is used to help diagnose cancer and to help tell one type of cancer from another type of cancer.

Ciertos factores afectan el pronóstico (posibilidad de recuperación).

The child's prognosis depends on the following:

  • The type of brain stem glioma (DIPG or focal glioma).
  • Where the tumor is found in the brain and if it has spread within the brain stem.
  • The age of the child at diagnosis.
  • How long the child has symptoms prior to diagnosis.
  • Whether or not the child has a condition called neurofibromatosis type 1.
  • Whether there is a certain change in the H3 K27m gene.
  • Si el tumor acaba de ser diagnosticado o ha recurrido (ha regresado).

Most children with DIPG live less than 18 months after diagnosis. Children with a focal glioma usually live longer than 5 years.

Stages of Childhood Brain Stem Glioma

Puntos clave

  • The plan for cancer treatment depends on whether the tumor is in one area of the brain or has spread all through the brain.

The plan for cancer treatment depends on whether the tumor is in one area of the brain or has spread all through the brain.

Staging is the process used to find out how much cancer there is and if cancer has spread. It is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment.

There is no standard staging system for childhood brain stem glioma. Treatment is based on the following:

A focal brain stem glioma may recur many years after first being treated. The tumor may come back in the brain or in other parts of the central nervous system. Before cancer treatment is given, imaging tests, a biopsy, or surgery may be done to make sure there is cancer and find out how much cancer there is.

Descripción general de las opciones de tratamiento

Puntos clave

  • There are different types of treatment for children with brain stem glioma.
  • Children with brain stem glioma should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating childhood brain tumors.
  • Five types of standard treatment are used:
    • Cirugía
    • Radioterapia
    • Quimioterapia
    • Cerebrospinal fluid diversion
    • Observación
  • Se están probando nuevos tipos de tratamiento en ensayos clínicos.
    • Terapia dirigida
  • Treatment for childhood brain stem glioma may cause side effects.
  • Los pacientes podrían considerar la posibilidad de participar en un ensayo clínico.
  • Los pacientes pueden participar en ensayos clínicos antes, durante o después de comenzar su tratamiento para el cáncer.
  • Es posible que se necesiten pruebas de seguimiento.

There are different types of treatment for children with brain stem glioma.

Different types of treatment are available for children with brain stem glioma. Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials. A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment.

Debido a que el cáncer en los niños es raro, se debe considerar la posibilidad de participar en un ensayo clínico. Algunos ensayos clínicos están abiertos solo a pacientes que no han iniciado el tratamiento.

Children with brain stem glioma should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating childhood brain tumors.

Treatment will be overseen by a pediatric oncologist, a doctor who specializes in treating children with cancer. The pediatric oncologist works with other pediatric health care providers who are experts in treating children with brain tumors and who specialize in certain areas of medicine. These may include the following specialists:

Five types of standard treatment are used:

Cirugía

Biopsy or surgery to remove DIPG is not usually done because of the following:

A biopsy to diagnose or surgery to remove the tumor may be used for childhood focal brain stem glioma.

Radioterapia

La radioterapia es un tratamiento contra el cáncer que utiliza rayos X de alta energía u otros tipos de radiación para matar las células cancerosas o evitar que crezcan. Hay dos tipos de radioterapia:

The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type of the cancer being treated. External radiation therapy is used to treat DIPG. External and/or internal radiation therapy may be used to treat focal brain stem gliomas.

Several months after radiation therapy to the brain, imaging tests may show changes to the brain tissue. These changes may be caused by the radiation therapy or may mean the tumor is growing. It is important to be sure the tumor is growing before any more treatment is given.

Quimioterapia

La quimioterapia es un tratamiento contra el cáncer que utiliza medicamentos para detener el crecimiento de las células cancerosas, ya sea matándolas o impidiendo que se dividan. Cuando la quimioterapia se toma por vía oral o se inyecta en una vena o músculo, los medicamentos ingresan al torrente sanguíneo y pueden llegar a las células cancerosas de todo el cuerpo ( quimioterapia sistémica ).

Because radiation therapy to the brain can affect growth and brain development in young children, chemotherapy may be given to delay or reduce the need for radiation therapy.

Cerebrospinal fluid diversion

Cerebrospinal fluid diversion is a method used to drain fluid that has built up in the brain. A shunt (long, thin tube) is placed in a ventricle (fluid-filled space) of the brain and threaded under the skin to another part of the body, usually the abdomen. The shunt carries extra fluid away from the brain so it may be absorbed elsewhere in the body.

Drawing shows extra cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flowing through a shunt (a long, thin tube) from a ventricle (fluid-filled space) in the brain into the abdomen. The shunt goes from the ventricle, under the skin in the neck and chest, and into the abdomen. Also shown is a shunt valve that controls the flow of CSF.

A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt (a long, thin tube) carries extra CSF away from the brain so it may be absorbed elsewhere in the body. The shunt is placed in a ventricle (fluid-filled space) in the brain and threaded under the skin to another part of the body, usually the abdomen. The shunt has a valve that controls the flow of CSF.

Observación

Observation is closely monitoring a patient’s condition without giving any treatment until signs or symptoms appear or change.

Se están probando nuevos tipos de tratamiento en ensayos clínicos.

Esta sección de resumen describe los tratamientos que se están estudiando en ensayos clínicos. Es posible que no mencione todos los tratamientos nuevos que se están estudiando. La información sobre los ensayos clínicos está disponible en el sitio web del NCI .

Terapia dirigida

Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells. Targeted therapies usually cause less harm to normal cells than chemotherapy or radiation therapy do.

There are different types of targeted therapy being studied in the treatment of brain stem gliomas:

  • Kinase inhibitor therapy blocks certain proteins, such as BRAF or MEK, which may help keep cancer cells from growing or dividing. Dabrafenib (BRAF kinase inhibitor) and trametinib (MEK kinase inhibitor) are being studied to treat newly diagnosed focal glioma and recurrent brain stem glioma.
  • Histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDI) therapy may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth. It is also a type of angiogenesis agent. Panobinostat is being studied in the treatment of DIPG that did not respond to treatment or recurred.
  • Terapia con anticuerpos monoclonales therapy uses sistema inmunitario proteins made in the laboratory to treat many diseases, including cancer. As a cancer treatment, these antibodies can attach to a specific target on cancer cells or other cells that may help cancer cells grow. The anticuerpos are able to then kill the cancer cells, block their growth, or keep them from spreading. Monoclonal antibodies are given by infusión. Pueden utilizarse solos o para transportar medicamentos, toxinas, o material radiactivo directamente a las células cancerosas.

    A monoclonal antibody, APX005M, binds to CD40, a cell surface receptor found on certain immune cells and some cancer cells. It may fight cancer by boosting the immune system and by slowing cancer cell growth. It is being studied in the treatment of pediatric brain tumors that are growing, spreading, or getting worse (progressive), or in newly diagnosed DIPG.

    ¿Cómo actúan los anticuerpos monoclonales para tratar el cáncer? En este video se explica cómo los anticuerpos monoclonales, como el trastuzumab, el pembrolizumab y el rituximab, actúan bloqueando las moléculas que las células cancerosas necesitan para crecer, marcándolas para que el sistema inmunitario las destruya o transportando sustancias nocivas hacia ellas.

Treatment for childhood brain stem glioma may cause side effects.

To learn more about side effects that begin during treatment for cancer, see Side Effects.

Side effects from cancer treatment that begin after treatment and continue for months or years are called late effects. Late effects may include the following:

  • Physical problems.
  • Cambios en el estado de ánimo, los sentimientos, el pensamiento, el aprendizaje o la memoria.
  • Segundos cánceres (nuevos tipos de cáncer).

Some late effects may be treated or controlled. It is important to talk with your child's doctors about the effects cancer treatment can have on your child. (See the PDQ summary on Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer for more information).

Los pacientes podrían considerar la posibilidad de participar en un ensayo clínico.

La información sobre los ensayos clínicos está disponible en el sitio web del NCI.

Para algunos pacientes, participar en un ensayo clínico puede ser la mejor opción de tratamiento. Los ensayos clínicos son parte del proceso de investigación del cáncer y se realizan para determinar si los nuevos tratamientos para el cáncer son seguros y eficaces o mejores que el tratamiento estándar.

Muchos de los tratamientos estándar actuales para el cáncer se basan en ensayos clínicos anteriores. Los pacientes que participan en un ensayo clínico pueden recibir el tratamiento estándar o ser de los primeros en recibir uno nuevo.

Los pacientes que participan en ensayos clínicos también ayudan a mejorar la forma en que se tratará el cáncer en el futuro. Incluso cuando los ensayos clínicos no conducen a nuevos tratamientos efectivos, suelen responder preguntas clave y contibuir de forma significativa al avance de la investigación.

Los pacientes pueden participar en ensayos clínicos antes, durante o después de comenzar su tratamiento para el cáncer.

Algunos ensayos clínicos solo incluyen pacientes que aún no han recibido tratamiento. Otros ensayos prueban tratamientos para pacientes cuyo cáncer no ha mejorado. También hay ensayos clínicos que prueban nuevas formas de evitar que el cáncer reaparezca (regrese) o reduzcan los efectos secundarios del tratamiento del cáncer.

Se están realizando ensayos clínicos en muchas partes del país. Puede encontrar información sobre los ensayos clínicos patrocinados por el National Cancer Institute en la página web de búsqueda de ensayos clínicos del NCI. Puede encontrar ensayos clínicos patrocinados por otras organizaciones en el sitio web ClinicalTrials.gov.

Es posible que se necesiten pruebas de seguimiento.

Some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated. Some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests.

Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your child's condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred (come back). These tests are sometimes called follow-up tests or check-ups.

If the results of imaging tests done after treatment for DIPG show a mass in the brain, a biopsy may be done to find out if it is made up of dead tumor cells or if new cancer cells are growing. In children who are expected to live a long time, regular MRIs may be done to see if the cancer has come back.

Treatment of DIPG

Para obtener información sobre los tratamientos que se enumeran a continuación, consulte la sección Descripción general de las opciones de tratamiento.

Newly diagnosed childhood diffuse intrinsic brain stem glioma (DIPG) is a tumor for which no treatment has been given. The child may have received drugs or treatment to relieve signs or symptoms caused by the tumor.

Standard treatment of DIPG may include the following:

Treatment of Focal Brain Stem Glioma

Para obtener información sobre los tratamientos que se enumeran a continuación, consulte la sección Descripción general de las opciones de tratamiento.

Newly diagnosed childhood focal glioma is a tumor for which no treatment has been given. The child may have received drugs or treatment to relieve signs or symptoms caused by the tumor.

Treatment of focal glioma may include the following:

Treatment of brain stem glioma in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 may be observation. The tumors are slow-growing in these children and may not need specific treatment for years.

Treatment of Progressive or Recurrent Childhood Brain Stem Glioma

When cancer does not get better with treatment or comes back, palliative care is an important part of the child's treatment plan. It includes physical, psychological, social, and spiritual support for the child and family. The goal of palliative care is to help control symptoms and give the child the best quality of life possible. Parents may not be sure about whether to continue treatment or what kind of treatment is best for their child. The healthcare team can give parents information to help them make these decisions.

Para obtener información sobre los tratamientos que se enumeran a continuación, consulte la sección Descripción general de las opciones de tratamiento.

More radiation therapy may be given to children with progressive or recurrent diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) who responded when first treated with radiation therapy. Treatment of progressive or recurrent DIPG may also include the following:

Treatment of recurrent focal childhood brain stem glioma may include the following:

To Learn More About Childhood Brain Tumors

Información sobre este resumen del PDQ

Acerca del PDQ

Physician Data Query (PDQ) es la base de datos integral sobre el cáncer del Instituto Nacional del Cáncer (NCI). La base de datos del PDQ contiene resúmenes de la última información publicada sobre prevención, detección, genética, tratamiento, atención médica de apoyo y medicina complementaria y alternativa relacionada con el cáncer. La mayoría de los resúmenes se redactan en dos versiones. Las versiones para profesionales de la salud contienen información detallada escrita en lenguaje técnico. Las versiones para pacientes están redactadas en un lenguaje fácil de entender, que no es técnico. Ambas versiones contienen información sobre el cáncer correcta y actualizada. La mayoría de las versiones también están disponibles en español.

El PDQ es un servicio del NCI. El NCI es parte de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud (NIH), que son el centro de investigación biomédica del Gobierno federal. Los resúmenes del PDQ se basan en una revisión independiente de la literatura médica. No son declaraciones de políticas del NCI ni de los NIH.

Propósito de este resumen

This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of childhood brain stem glioma. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.

Revisores y actualizaciones

Los consejos editoriales escriben los resúmenes de información sobre el cáncer del PDQ y los mantienen actualizados. Estos consejos están conformados por equipos de especialistas en el tratamiento del cáncer y otras especialidades relacionadas con esta enfermedad. Los resúmenes se revisan periódicamente y se modifican cuando hay información nueva. La fecha de actualización al pie de cada resumen indica cuándo fue el cambio más reciente.

La información de este resumen para pacientes procede de la versión para profesionales de la salud, la cual el Consejo editorial del PDQ sobre el tratamiento pediátrico revisa y actualiza de forma periódica según sea necesario.

Información sobre ensayos clínicos

Un ensayo clínico es un estudio para responder a una pregunta científica; por ejemplo, si un tratamiento es mejor que otro. Los ensayos se basan en estudios anteriores y en lo que se ha aprendido en el laboratorio. Cada ensayo responde a ciertas preguntas científicas para descubrir mejores maneras de ayudar a los pacientes con cáncer. Durante los ensayos clínicos de tratamiento, se recopila información sobre los efectos de un tratamiento nuevo y su eficacia. Si un ensayo clínico demuestra que un tratamiento nuevo es mejor que uno que se utiliza actualmente, el tratamiento nuevo puede convertirse en “estándar”. Participar en un ensayo clínico puede ser una opción para los pacientes. Algunos ensayos clínicos están abiertos solo a pacientes que aún no han comenzado el tratamiento.

Los ensayos clínicos se pueden encontrar en línea en el sitio web del NCI. Para obtener más información, llame al Servicio de Información sobre el Cáncer (CIS, por sus siglas en inglés), el centro de contacto del NCI, al 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).

Permiso de uso de este resumen

PDQ (Physician Data Query) es una marca registrada. Se autoriza el libre uso del contenido de los documentos del PDQ como texto. Sin embargo, no se podrá identificar como un resumen de información sobre cáncer del PDQ del NCI, salvo que se reproduzca en su totalidad y se actualice con regularidad. Por otra parte, se permite que los autores incluyan una oración como: “En el resumen del PDQ del NCI sobre la prevención del cáncer de mama se describen, de manera concisa, los siguientes riesgos: [incluir fragmento del resumen]”.

La forma recomendada para citar este resumen del PDQ es:

PDQ® Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Childhood Brain Stem Glioma Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/patient/child-glioma-treatment-pdq. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389295]

Las imágenes de este resumen se utilizan con el permiso del autor, artista y/o editorial para uso exclusivo en los resúmenes del PDQ. Si desea usar una imagen de un resumen del PDQ sin incluir el resumen completo, debe obtener autorización del propietario. El National Cancer Institute no puede otorgar dicho permiso. Para obtener más información sobre el uso de las imágenes de este resumen o de otras ilustraciones relacionadas con el cáncer, consulte Visuals Online, una colección de más de 3,000 imágenes científicas.

Descargo de responsabilidad

La información de estos resúmenes no debe utilizarse para tomar decisiones sobre reembolsos de seguros. Puede encontrar más información sobre la cobertura de seguros disponible en Cancer.gov/espanol en la página Manejo de la atención médica del cáncer.

Contáctenos

Puede encontrar más información sobre cómo contactarnos o recibir ayuda en el sitio web Cancer.gov en la página Contact Us for Help. También puede enviar sus preguntas a Cancer.gov en el apartado E-mail Us del sitio web.

Updated:

Este contenido ha sido facilitado por el National Cancer Institute (www.cancer.gov)
Detalles sobre el contenido distribuido:
Source URL: https://www.cancer.gov/node/4266/syndication
Agencia de origen: National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Captured Date: 2013-09-14 09:02:07.0