Tratamiento de craneofaringioma
If your child has been diagnosed with a craniopharyngioma—a rare, noncancerous tumor that develops in the brain near the pituitary gland and hypothalamus—you want caring, experienced doctors at their side. You’ll find them at Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center at the Children’s Hospital at Montefiore Einstein (CHAM).
Our team includes internationally recognized physicians who specialize in childhood brain tumors. They offer the most up-to-date treatments and innovative clinical trials based on discoveries from the ongoing research that happens at Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center. You’ll also find compassionate and highly skilled nurses, specialists and support staff, collaborating to ensure your child will receive the best care in a supportive and nurturing environment.
When you need care for your child, you can feel confident turning to Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center at CHAM, where we address your child’s whole health needs.
Como centro del cáncer designado por el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer (NCI, por sus siglas en inglés) Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center apoya la misión y las normas del NCI. La siguiente información sobre los tipos de cáncer, prevención y tratamientos ha sido facilitada por el NCI.
Childhood Craniopharyngioma (PDQ®)–Patient Version
What is childhood craniopharyngioma?
El craneofaringioma infantil es un tumor poco común que suele encontrarse cerca de la hipófisis (un órgano del tamaño de un guisante, ubicado en la base del cerebro y que controla otras glándulas) y del hipotálamo (un pequeño órgano cónico conectado a la hipófisis mediante nervios). Los craneofaringiomas pueden aparecer a cualquier edad, pero se diagnostican con mayor frecuencia en niños de 5 a 14 años y adultos mayores. Son poco frecuentes en niños menores de 2 años.

Craniopharyngiomas are rare brain tumors that usually form near the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus. They are benign (not cancer) and do not spread to other parts of the brain or to other parts of the body. However, they may grow and press on nearby parts of the brain, including the pituitary gland, optic chiasm, and optic nerve. Craniopharyngiomas usually occur in children and young adults.
Los craneofaringiomas suelen ser una masa sólida y un quiste lleno de lÃquido. No son cancerosos y no se propagan a otras partes del cerebro ni del cuerpo. Sin embargo, pueden crecer y presionar partes cercanas del cerebro, como la hipófisis. O pueden presionar otras áreas, como:
- the optic chiasm
- the optic nerves
- the fluid-filled spaces in the brain
Los craneofaringiomas pueden afectar muchas funciones cerebrales, como la producción hormonal, el crecimiento y la visión. Los tratamientos ayudan a impedir que el tumor presione otras áreas del cerebro.
Causes and risk factors for childhood craniopharyngioma
Craniopharyngioma is caused by certain changes to the way the brain cells function, especially how they grow and divide into new cells. Often, the exact cause of these changes is unknown.
There are no known risk factors for childhood craniopharyngioma.
Symptoms of childhood craniopharyngioma
The symptoms of childhood craniopharyngioma depend on where the tumor grows in the brain. It's important to check with your child's doctor if your child has:
- headaches, including morning headache or headache that goes away after vomiting
- vision changes
- náuseas y vómitos
- loss of balance or trouble walking
- unusual sleepiness or change in energy level
- changes in personality or behavior
- an increase in thirst or urination
- a short stature or slow growth
- weight gain
- pérdida auditiva
- early or late puberty
These symptoms may be caused by problems other than craniopharyngioma. The only way to know is for your child to see a doctor.
Some symptoms caused by the tumor may continue for months or years after treatment. It is important to talk with your child's doctors about problems that may continue after treatment.
Tests to diagnose childhood craniopharyngioma
En esta sección
- examen del campo visual
- TomografÃa computarizada (TC)
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium
- Estudios de hormonas sanguÃneas
- Biopsias
- InmunohistoquÃmica
Si su hijo presenta sÃntomas que sugieren un craneofaringioma, el médico deberá determinar si se deben a un tumor u otro problema. El médico le preguntará cuándo comenzaron los sÃntomas y con qué frecuencia los ha presentado. También le preguntará sobre sus antecedentes médicos personales y familiares y le realizará una exploración fÃsica, que incluye un examen neurológico. Según los resultados, podrÃa recomendar otras pruebas. Si a su hijo se le diagnostica craneofaringioma, los resultados de estas pruebas les ayudarán a usted y a su médico a planificar el tratamiento.
The tests to diagnose craniopharyngioma may include:
examen del campo visual
A visual field exam checks a person’s field of vision (the total area in which objects can be seen). This test measures both central vision (how much a person can see when looking straight ahead) and peripheral vision (how much a person can see in all other directions while staring straight ahead). Any loss of vision may be a sign of a tumor that has damaged or pressed on the parts of the brain that affect eyesight.
TomografÃa computarizada (TC)
CT scan uses a computer linked to an x-ray machine to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. The pictures are taken from different angles and are used to create 3-D views of tissues and organs. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography. Learn more about Computed Tomography (CT) Scans and Cancer.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium
MRI uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, such as the brain and the spine. A substance called gadolinium is injected into a vein. The gadolinium collects around the tumor cells so they show up brighter in the picture. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
Estudios de hormonas sanguÃneas
Blood hormone studies use a blood sample to measure the amounts of certain hormones released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body. If the amount of a hormone is higher or lower than normal, it can be a sign of disease in the organ or tissue that makes it. For craniopharyngioma, the blood may be checked for unusual levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). These hormones are made by the pituitary gland.
Biopsias
If the CT scan or MRI show there may be a brain tumor, your child will have a biopsy to remove a sample of the tumor.
Types of biopsy that may be used to take the sample of tissue include:
- Open biopsy: A surgeon inserts a hollow needle through a hole in the skull into the brain.
- Computer-guided needle biopsy: A surgeon inserts a hollow needle guided by a computer through a small hole in the skull into the brain.
- Transsphenoidal biopsy: The surgeon inserts instruments through the nose and sphenoid bone (a butterfly-shaped bone at the base of the skull) and into the brain.
A pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for tumor cells. If they find tumor cells, the surgeon will remove as much tumor as safely possible during the same surgery.
InmunohistoquÃmica
Immunohistochemistry uses antibodies to check for certain antigens (markers) in a sample of a patient’s cells or tissue. The antibodies are usually linked to an enzyme or a fluorescent dye. After the antibodies bind to a specific antigen in the tissue sample, the enzyme or dye is activated, and the antigen can then be seen under a microscope. This type of test is used to help diagnose cancer and to help tell one type of cancer from another type of cancer.
Obtener una segunda opinión
Es posible que desee obtener una segunda opinión para confirmar el diagnóstico y el plan de tratamiento de su hijo. Si busca una segunda opinión, deberá obtener los resultados de las pruebas médicas y los informes del primer médico para compartirlos con el segundo médico. El segundo médico revisará el informe patológico, las diapositivas y las exploraciones. Este médico puede estar de acuerdo con el primer médico, sugerir cambios en el plan de tratamiento o brindar más información sobre el tumor de su hijo.
To learn more about choosing a doctor and getting a second opinion, visit Finding Cancer Care. You can contact NCI's Cancer Information Service via chat, email, or phone (both in English and Spanish) for help finding a doctor or hospital that can provide a second opinion. For questions you might want to ask at your child's appointments, visit Questions to Ask Your Doctor about Cancer.
Types of treatment for childhood craniopharyngioma
En esta sección
- Who treats children with craniopharyngioma?
- CirugÃa
- Surgery for cysts
- Radioterapia
- Quimioterapia
- Observación
- Ensayos clÃnicos
- Treatment of newly diagnosed childhood craniopharyngioma
- Treatment of progressive or recurrent childhood craniopharyngioma
Who treats children with craniopharyngioma?
A pediatric oncologist, a doctor who specializes in treating children with cancer, oversees treatment for childhood craniopharyngioma. The pediatric oncologist works with other health care providers who are experts in treating children with brain tumors and who specialize in certain areas of medicine. Other specialists may include:
Existen diferentes tipos de tratamiento para niños y adolescentes con craneofaringioma. Aunque el craneofaringioma no es cáncer, el tratamiento suele ser similar al del cáncer y puede incluir cirugÃa, radioterapia y otros enfoques. Usted y el equipo médico de su hijo colaborarán para decidir el tratamiento. Se considerarán muchos factores, como la edad y el estado de salud general de su hijo, la ubicación del tumor y si se ha propagado a tejidos cercanos, asà como los posibles efectos secundarios y tardÃos del tratamiento.
El plan de tratamiento de su hijo incluirá información sobre el tumor, los objetivos del tratamiento, las opciones de tratamiento y los posibles efectos secundarios. Será útil hablar con el equipo médico de su hijo antes de comenzar el tratamiento sobre qué esperar. Para obtener ayuda en cada etapa del proceso, consulte nuestro folleto "Niños con cáncer: Una guÃa para padres" .
Los tipos de tratamiento que su hijo o hija podrÃa recibir incluyen:
CirugÃa
The type of surgery your child will have depends on the size of the tumor, where it is in the brain, and whether it has grown into nearby tissue in a finger-like way. It also depends on expected late effects that may occur after surgery.
The types of surgery that may be used to remove the tumor that can be seen with the eye include:
- Transsphenoidal surgery is a type of surgery in which a surgeon inserts instruments into the brain by going through a cut made under the upper lip or at the bottom of the nose between the nostrils. Then they go through the sphenoid bone (a butterfly-shaped bone at the base of the skull) to reach the tumor near the pituitary gland and hypothalamus.
Transsphenoidal surgery. An endoscope and a curette are inserted through the nose and sphenoid sinus to remove the tumor.
- A craniotomy is surgery to remove the tumor through an opening made in the skull.
CraneotomÃa. Se hace una abertura en el cráneo y se extrae una parte del cráneo para mostrar parte del cerebro.
To help make a diagnosis, sometimes the surgeon will remove only part of the tumor. If a tumor is near the pituitary gland or hypothalamus, it will not be removed. Leaving the tumor helps reduce serious side effects from the surgery.
Sometimes, the surgeon will remove all of the tumor that they can see and no further treatment is needed. At other times, they may not be able to remove the tumor because it is growing into or pressing on nearby organs.
Surgery for cysts
If your child's tumor is mostly a fluid-filled cyst, they may have surgery to drain it. Draining it lowers the pressure in the brain and relieves symptoms.
A surgery called a partial resection can be used to remove fluid from cystic craniopharyngiomas. Or a thin tube called a catheter can be inserted into the cyst, and a small container placed under the skin. The fluid drains into the container and is later removed.
Sometimes, after the cyst is drained, a drug is put through the catheter into the cyst. This causes the inside wall of the cyst to scar and stops the cyst from making fluid. Or it can slow down how long it takes for the fluid to build up again. Surgery to remove the tumor or radiation therapy may be done after the cyst is drained.
Radioterapia
Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill tumor cells or keep them from growing. It is often given after surgery to kill any tumor that is left in the brain.
Both external radiation therapy and internal radiation therapy (also called brachytherapy) are used to treat craniopharyngiomas.
- External radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the area of the body with the tumor.
- Internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the tumor.
Radiation therapy to the brain can affect growth and development in young children, so ways of giving radiation therapy that have fewer side effects are often used. These include:
- Stereotactic radiosurgery may be used for very small craniopharyngiomas at the base of the brain. For this treatment, a rigid head frame is attached to the skull to keep the head still during the treatment. Then, a machine aims a single large dose of radiation directly at the tumor. This procedure is a type of radiation therapy and does not involve surgery. It is also called stereotaxic radiosurgery, radiosurgery, and radiation surgery.
- Intracavitary radiation therapy is a type of internal radiation therapy that may be used in tumors that are part solid mass and part fluid-filled cyst. For this treatment, radioactive material is placed inside the tumor. This type of radiation therapy causes less damage to the nearby hypothalamus and optic nerves.
- Intensity-modulated photon therapy is a type of radiation therapy that uses x-rays or gamma rays that come from a special machine called a linear accelerator (linac) to kill tumor cells. A computer is used to target the exact shape and location of the tumor. Then thin beams of photons of different strengths are aimed at the tumor from many angles. This type of 3-dimensional radiation therapy may cause less damage to healthy tissue in the brain and other parts of the body.
- Proton-beam radiation therapy is a type of radiation therapy that uses streams of protons (tiny particles with a positive charge) to kill tumor cells. This treatment can reduce the amount of radiation damage to healthy tissue near a tumor.
Learn more about Radiation Therapy to Treat Cancer.
Quimioterapia
Chemotherapy (also called chemo) uses drugs to stop the growth of tumor cells. Chemotherapy either kills the tumor cells or stops them from dividing.
Chemotherapy can be placed directly into a cavity, such as a cyst. This way of giving chemotherapy is intracavitary chemotherapy. Bleomycin is a type of chemotherapy that can be placed directly into a cystic craniopharyngioma.
Más información sobre la quimioterapia para tratar el cáncer.
Observación
Observation means that your child's condition is closely watched without receiving treatment until symptoms appear or change.
Ensayos clÃnicos
Para algunos niños, participar en un ensayo clÃnico puede ser una opción. Existen distintos tipos de ensayos clÃnicos para el cáncer infantil. Por ejemplo, un ensayo de tratamiento prueba nuevos tratamientos o nuevas formas de utilizar los tratamientos actuales. Los ensayos de cuidados paliativos y de apoyo buscan formas de mejorar la calidad de vida, especialmente para aquellos que tienen efectos secundarios a causa del cáncer y su tratamiento.
Puede usar la búsqueda de ensayos clÃnicos para encontrar ensayos clÃnicos sobre cáncer financiados por el NCI que aceptan participantes. Esta búsqueda le permite filtrar los ensayos según el tipo de cáncer, la edad de su hijo/a y el lugar donde se realizan. Puede encontrar ensayos clÃnicos financiados por otras organizaciones en el sitio web ClinicalTrials.gov .
Más información sobre ensayos clÃnicos, incluido cómo encontrar y participar en uno de ellos, en Información sobre ensayos clÃnicos para pacientes y cuidadores.
Treatment of newly diagnosed childhood craniopharyngioma
Treatment of newly diagnosed childhood craniopharyngioma may include:
- complete removal of the tumor with surgery with or without radiation therapy
- partial removal of the tumor with surgery followed by radiation therapy
- cyst drainage, followed by observation, radiation therapy, or surgery
- brachytherapy or chemotherapy placed directly in the cyst or tumor
Puede utilizar la búsqueda de ensayos clÃnicos y encontrar ensayos clÃnicos sobre cáncer patrocinados por el NCI que acepten participantes. La búsqueda le permite filtrar los ensayos según el tipo de cáncer, su edad y el lugar donde se realizan los ensayos. También encontrará información general sobre los ensayos clÃnicos.
Treatment of progressive or recurrent childhood craniopharyngioma
Treatment options for progressive or recurrent childhood craniopharyngioma depend on the type of treatment that your child received when the tumor was first diagnosed and your child's needs.
Treatment may include:
- cirugÃa
- external-beam radiation therapy
- brachytherapy or intracavitary chemotherapy
- observation
Puede utilizar la búsqueda de ensayos clÃnicos y encontrar ensayos clÃnicos sobre cáncer patrocinados por el NCI que acepten participantes. La búsqueda le permite filtrar los ensayos según el tipo de cáncer, su edad y el lugar donde se realizan los ensayos. También encontrará información general sobre los ensayos clÃnicos.
Prognostic factors for childhood craniopharyngioma
If your child has been diagnosed with craniopharyngioma, you likely have questions about how serious the tumor is and your child's chances of survival. The likely outcome or course of a disease is called prognosis.
El pronóstico depende de:
- el tamaño del tumor
- where the tumor is in the brain
- whether there are tumor cells left after surgery
- your child's age
- side effects that may occur months or years after treatment
- whether the tumor has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back)
Cada persona es diferente y la respuesta al tratamiento puede variar considerablemente. Si bien el pronóstico del craneofaringioma infantil suele ser favorable, el tumor suele reaparecer después de la cirugÃa. El equipo médico de su hijo es el más indicado para hablar con usted sobre el pronóstico.
Efectos secundarios y tardÃos del tratamiento
Los tratamientos oncológicos para el craneofaringioma pueden causar efectos secundarios. Los efectos secundarios que su hijo podrÃa experimentar dependen del tipo de tratamiento que reciba, la dosis y la reacción de su cuerpo. Hable con el equipo de tratamiento de su hijo sobre los efectos secundarios a los que debe prestar atención y cómo controlarlos.
Para obtener más información sobre los efectos secundarios que aparecen durante el tratamiento del cáncer, consulte la sección Efectos secundarios.
Problems from treatment that begin 6 months or later after treatment and continue for months or years are called late effects. Late effects of treatment may include:
- Convulsiones
- crecimiento y desarrollo de los huesos y los músculos
- behavior problems
- cambios en el estado de ánimo, los sentimientos, el pensamiento, el aprendizaje o la memoria
- second cancers (new types of cancer)
Serious physical problems may occur if the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, optic nerves, or carotid artery are affected during surgery or radiation therapy. These problems include:
- obesidad
- metabolic syndrome, including fatty liver disease not caused by drinking alcohol
- vision problems, including blindness
- blood vessel problems or stroke
- loss of the ability to make certain hormones
Some late effects may be treated or controlled. Your child may need life-long hormone replacement therapy with several medicines. It is important to talk with your child's doctors about the effects treatment can have on your child. Learn more about Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer.
Atención de seguimiento
Some of the tests that were done to diagnose the disease or decide how to treat it may be repeated. Some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests.
Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your child's condition has changed. These tests are sometimes called follow-up tests or check-ups.
After treatment, follow-up testing with MRI will be done for several years to check if the tumor has come back.
Cómo afrontar el diagnóstico de su hijo
When your child has a tumor, every member of the family needs support. Taking care of yourself during this difficult time is important. Reach out to your child’s treatment team and to people in your family and community for support. To learn more, visit Support for Families When a Child Has Cancer and the booklet Children with Cancer: A Guide for Parents.
Recursos relacionados
Para obtener más información sobre el cáncer infantil y otros recursos generales sobre el cáncer, consulte:
Información sobre este resumen del PDQ
Acerca del PDQ
Physician Data Query (PDQ) es la base de datos integral sobre el cáncer del Instituto Nacional del Cáncer (NCI). La base de datos del PDQ contiene resúmenes de la última información publicada sobre prevención, detección, genética, tratamiento, atención médica de apoyo y medicina complementaria y alternativa relacionada con el cáncer. La mayorÃa de los resúmenes se redactan en dos versiones. Las versiones para profesionales de la salud contienen información detallada escrita en lenguaje técnico. Las versiones para pacientes están redactadas en un lenguaje fácil de entender, que no es técnico. Ambas versiones contienen información sobre el cáncer correcta y actualizada. La mayorÃa de las versiones también están disponibles en español.
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Propósito de este resumen
This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of childhood craniopharyngioma. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.
Revisores y actualizaciones
Los consejos editoriales escriben los resúmenes de información sobre el cáncer del PDQ y los mantienen actualizados. Estos consejos están conformados por equipos de especialistas en el tratamiento del cáncer y otras especialidades relacionadas con esta enfermedad. Los resúmenes se revisan periódicamente y se modifican cuando hay información nueva. La fecha de actualización al pie de cada resumen indica cuándo fue el cambio más reciente.
La información de este resumen para pacientes procede de la versión para profesionales de la salud, la cual el Consejo editorial del PDQ sobre el tratamiento pediátrico revisa y actualiza de forma periódica según sea necesario.
Información sobre ensayos clÃnicos
Un ensayo clÃnico es un estudio para responder a una pregunta cientÃfica; por ejemplo, si un tratamiento es mejor que otro. Los ensayos se basan en estudios anteriores y en lo que se ha aprendido en el laboratorio. Cada ensayo responde a ciertas preguntas cientÃficas para descubrir mejores maneras de ayudar a los pacientes con cáncer. Durante los ensayos clÃnicos de tratamiento, se recopila información sobre los efectos de un tratamiento nuevo y su eficacia. Si un ensayo clÃnico demuestra que un tratamiento nuevo es mejor que uno que se utiliza actualmente, el tratamiento nuevo puede convertirse en “estándarâ€. Participar en un ensayo clÃnico puede ser una opción para los pacientes. Algunos ensayos clÃnicos están abiertos solo a pacientes que aún no han comenzado el tratamiento.
Los ensayos clÃnicos se pueden encontrar en lÃnea en el sitio web del NCI. Para obtener más información, llame al Servicio de Información sobre el Cáncer (CIS, por sus siglas en inglés), el centro de contacto del NCI, al 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
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La forma recomendada para citar este resumen del PDQ es:
PDQ® Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Childhood Craniopharyngioma. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/patient/child-cranio-treatment-pdq. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389237]
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Updated:
Source URL: https://www.cancer.gov/node/6377/syndication
Agencia de origen: National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Captured Date: 2013-09-14 09:03:29.0