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Tratamiento del cáncer de tiroides

Tratamiento del cáncer de tiroides

Access exceptional care for thyroid gland cancer at Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center. As one of the first NCI-designated cancer centers, for more than 50 years, weve been a leader in the research, diagnosis and treatment of over 200 types of cancer.

If youre diagnosed with thyroid cancer, rest assured that Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center offers specialized, advanced care to help you reach your best outcome. Benefit from a comprehensive treatment plan personalized to you from a multidisciplinary team of dedicated thyroid cancer experts using the latest technology and techniques.

Thyroid cancer is very treatable. Your care team may recommend and perform Cirugía to remove the thyroid gland, followed by safe and effective radioactive iodine treatment, which targets thyroid cancer cells and lowers your risk of the disease coming back. Youll receive compassionate support every step of the way, as well as long-term monitoring of your health to catch and treat any cancer if it returns. After five years of monitoring, more than 95% of patients are considered cured and need no further treatment.

You also benefit from our ongoing investigación into new, innovative treatments. If you choose to participate in one of our leading-edge ensayos clínicos sobre el cáncer, you may receive promising new treatments before theyre widely available.

When you need thyroid cancer care, turn to our providers who are passionate about ending cancer and addressing your whole health needs.

El Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, designado como centro integral del cáncer por el National Cancer Institute (NCI), apoya la misión y las normas del NCI. La siguiente información sobre los tipos de cáncer, prevención y tratamientos ha sido facilitada por el NCI.

Thyroid Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version

Información general sobre el cáncer de tiroides

Puntos clave

  • El cáncer de tiroides es una enfermedad por la que se forman células malignas (cancerosas) en los tejidos de la glándula tiroides.
  • Thyroid nodules are common but usually are not cancer.
  • There are different types of thyroid cancer.
  • Age, sex, and being exposed to radiation can affect the risk of thyroid cancer.
  • Medullary thyroid cancer is sometimes caused by a change in a gene that is passed from parent to child.
  • Signs of thyroid cancer include a swelling or lump in the neck.
  • Tests that examine the thyroid, neck, and blood are used to diagnose thyroid cancer.
  • Hay ciertos factores que afectan al pronóstico (probabilidad de recuperación) y a las opciones de tratamiento.

El cáncer de tiroides es una enfermedad por la que se forman células malignas (cancerosas) en los tejidos de la glándula tiroides.

The thyroid is a gland at the base of the throat near the trachea (windpipe). It is shaped like a butterfly, with a right lobe and a left lobe. The isthmus, a thin piece of tissue, connects the two lobes. A healthy thyroid is a little larger than a quarter. It usually cannot be felt through the skin.

Anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands; drawing shows the thyroid gland at the base of the throat near the trachea. An inset shows the front and back views. The front view shows that the thyroid is shaped like a butterfly, with the right lobe and left lobe connected by a thin piece of tissue called the isthmus. The back view shows the four pea-sized parathyroid glands. The larynx is also shown.

Anatomía de las glándulas tiroides y paratiroides. La glándula tiroides se encuentra en la base de la garganta, cerca de la tráquea. Tiene forma de mariposa y dos lóbulos, derecho e izquierdo, conectados por una porción delgada de tejido llamada istmo. Las glándulas paratiroides son cuatro órganos del tamaño de un guisante que se encuentran en el cuello, cerca de la tiroides. Las glándulas tiroides y paratiroides producen hormonas.

La tiroides utiliza el yodo, un mineral presente en algunos alimentos y en la sal yodada, para ayudar a producir varias hormonas . Las hormonas tiroideas realizan las siguientes funciones:

Thyroid nodules are common but usually are not cancer.

Your doctor may find a lump (nodule) in your thyroid during a routine medical exam. A thyroid nodule is an abnormal growth of thyroid cells in the thyroid. Nodules may be solid or fluid-filled.

When a thyroid nodule is found, an ultrasound of the thyroid and a fine-needle aspiration biopsy are often done to check for signs of cancer. Blood tests to check thyroid hormone levels and for antithyroid antibodies in the blood may also be done to check for other types of thyroid disease.

Thyroid nodules usually don't cause symptoms or need treatment. Sometimes the thyroid nodules become large enough that it is hard to swallow or breathe and more tests and treatment are needed. Only a small number of thyroid nodules are diagnosed as cancer.

There are different types of thyroid cancer.

Thyroid cancer can be described as either:

Well-differentiated tumors (papillary thyroid cancer and follicular thyroid cancer) can be treated and can usually be cured.

Poorly differentiated and undifferentiated tumors (anaplastic thyroid cancer) are less common. These tumors grow and spread quickly and have a poorer chance of recovery. Patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer should have molecular testing for a mutation in the BRAF gene.

Medullary thyroid cancer is a neuroendocrine tumor that develops in C cells of the thyroid. The C cells make a hormone (calcitonin) that helps maintain a healthy level of calcium in the blood.

For information about childhood thyroid cancer, see Childhood Thyroid Cancer Treatment.

Age, sex, and being exposed to radiation can affect the risk of thyroid cancer.

Anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn’t mean that you will not get cancer. Talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk.

Risk factors for thyroid cancer include the following:

Medullary thyroid cancer is sometimes caused by a change in a gene that is passed from parent to child.

The genes in cells carry hereditary information from parent to child. A certain change in the RET gene that is passed from parent to child (inherited) may cause medullary thyroid cancer.

There is a genetic test that is used to check for the changed gene. The patient is tested first to see if he or she has the changed gene. If the patient has it, other family members may also be tested to find out if they are at increased risk for medullary thyroid cancer. Family members, including young children, who have the changed gene may have a thyroidectomy (surgery to remove the thyroid). This can decrease the chance of developing medullary thyroid cancer.

Signs of thyroid cancer include a swelling or lump in the neck.

Thyroid cancer may not cause early signs or symptoms. It is sometimes found during a routine physical exam. Signs or symptoms may occur as the tumor gets bigger. Other conditions may cause the same signs or symptoms. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following:

  • A lump (nodule) in the neck.
  • Dificultad para respirar
  • Dificultad al tragar
  • Pain when swallowing.
  • Hoarseness.

Tests that examine the thyroid, neck, and blood are used to diagnose thyroid cancer.

Se pueden utilizar las siguientes pruebas y procedimientos:

  • Physical exam and historial de salud: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps (nodules) or swelling in the neck, voice box, and lymph nodes, and anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
  • Laryngoscopy :A procedure in which the doctor checks the larynx (voice box) with a mirror or a laryngoscope. A laryngoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. A thyroid tumor may press on vocal cords. The laryngoscopy is done to see if the vocal cords are moving normally.
  • Blood hormone studies: A procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain hormones released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body. An unusual (higher or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a sign of disease in the organ or tissue that makes it. The blood may be checked for abnormal levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH is made by the pituitary gland in the brain. It stimulates the release of thyroid hormone and controls how fast follicular thyroid cells grow. The blood may also be checked for high levels of the hormone calcitonin and antithyroid antibodies.
  • Blood chemistry studies: A procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances, such as calcium, released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body. An unusual (higher or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a sign of disease.
  • Ecografía exam: A procedure in which high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) are bounced off internal tissues or organs in the neck and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram. The picture can be printed to be looked at later. This procedure can show the size of a thyroid nodule and whether it is solid or a fluid-filled cyst. Ultrasound may be used to guide a fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
  • Tomografía computarizada (TC): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, such as the neck, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an rayos X. Un tinte puede inyecta en una vena or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
    Computed tomography (CT) scan of the head and neck; drawing shows a patient lying on a table that slides through the CT scanner, which takes x-ray pictures of the inside of the head and neck.

    Tomografía computarizada (TC) de cabeza y cuello. El paciente se recuesta en una camilla que se desliza a través del escáner, el cual toma radiografías del interior de la cabeza y el cuello.

  • Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid: The removal of thyroid tissue using a thin needle. The needle is inserted through the skin into the thyroid. Several tissue samples are removed from different parts of the thyroid. A pathologist views the tissue samples under a microscope to look for cancer cells. Because the type of thyroid cancer can be hard to diagnose, patients should ask to have biopsy samples checked by a pathologist who has experience diagnosing thyroid cancer.
  • Surgical biopsy: The removal of the thyroid nodule or one lobe of the thyroid during surgery so the cells and tissues can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. Because the type of thyroid cancer can be hard to diagnose, patients should ask to have biopsy samples checked by a pathologist who has experience diagnosing thyroid cancer.

Hay ciertos factores que afectan al pronóstico (probabilidad de recuperación) y a las opciones de tratamiento.

El pronóstico y las opciones de tratamiento dependen de los siguientes factores:

  • The age of the patient at the time of diagnosis.
  • The type of thyroid cancer.
  • El estadio del cáncer
  • Whether the cancer was completely removed by surgery.
  • Whether the patient has multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN 2B).
  • La salud general del paciente
  • Si el cáncer acaba de ser diagnosticado o ha recidivado (regresado)

Stages of Thyroid Cancer

Puntos clave

  • After thyroid cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the thyroid or to other parts of the body.
  • El cáncer se propaga por el cuerpo de tres maneras.
  • El cáncer puede extenderse desde donde comenzó a otras partes del cuerpo.
  • Stages are used to describe thyroid cancer based on the type of thyroid cancer and the age of the patient:
    • Papillary and follicular thyroid cancer in patients younger than 55 years
    • Papillary and follicular thyroid cancer in patients 55 years and older
    • Anaplastic thyroid cancer in patients of all ages
    • Medullary thyroid cancer in patients of all ages
  • Thyroid cancer can recur (come back) after it has been treated.

After thyroid cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the thyroid or to other parts of the body.

The process used to find out if cancer has spread within the thyroid or to other parts of the body is called staging. The information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease. It is important to know the patient's age and the stage of the cancer to plan treatment.

The following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process:

  • Tomografía computarizada (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, such as the chest, abdomen, and brain, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
  • Ecografía exam: Aprocedure in which high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) are bounced off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram. The picture can be printed to be looked at later.
  • Radiografía de tórax: An x-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.
  • Gammagrafía ósea: A procedure to check if there are rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells, in the bone. A very small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream. The radioactive material collects in the bones with cancer and is detected by a scanner.
  • Biopsia de ganglio centinela: The removal of the sentinel lymph node during surgery. The sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node in a group of lymph nodes to receive lymphatic drainage from the primary tumor. It is the first lymph node the cancer is likely to spread to from the primary tumor. A radioactive substance and/or blue dye is injected near the tumor. The substance or dye flows through the lymph ducts to the lymph nodes. The first lymph node to receive the substance or dye is removed. A pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells. If cancer cells are not found, it may not be necessary to remove more lymph nodes.

El cáncer se propaga por el cuerpo de tres maneras.

El cáncer puede extenderse a través de los tejidos circundantes, el sistema linfático y la sangre:

  • Tejidos: el cáncer se extiende desde el lugar donde comenzó y crece hacia las zonas circundantes.
  • Sistema linfático: el cáncer se extiende desde el lugar donde comenzó hacia el sistema linfático. El cáncer viaja a través de los vasos linfáticos a otras partes del cuerpo.
  • Sangre: el cáncer se extiende desde el lugar donde comenzó hacia la sangre. El cáncer viaja a través de los vasos sanguíneos a otras partes del cuerpo.

El cáncer puede extenderse desde donde comenzó a otras partes del cuerpo.

Cuando el cáncer se extiende a otra parte del cuerpo se denomina metástasis. Las células cancerosas se desprenden de donde comenzaron (tumor primario) y viajan a través del sistema linfático o la sangre.

  • Sistema linfático: el cáncer entra en el sistema linfático, viaja a través de los vasos linfáticos y forma un tumor (tumor metastásico) en otra parte del cuerpo.
  • Sangre: el cáncer llega a la sangre, viaja a través de los vasos sanguíneos y forma un tumor (tumor metastásico) en otra parte del cuerpo.

The metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, if thyroid cancer spreads to the lung, the cancer cells in the lung are actually thyroid cancer cells. The disease is metastatic thyroid cancer, not lung cancer.

Muchas muertes por cáncer se producen cuando el cáncer se desplaza del tumor original y se extiende a otros tejidos y órganos. Esto se llama cáncer metastásico. Esta animación muestra cómo las células cancerosas viajan desde el lugar donde se formaron por primera vez a otras partes del cuerpo.

Stages are used to describe thyroid cancer based on the type of thyroid cancer and the age of the patient:

Papillary and follicular thyroid cancer in patients younger than 55 years

Papillary and follicular thyroid cancer in patients 55 years and older

  • Stage I: In stage I papillary and follicular thyroid cancer, El cáncer is found in the thyroid only and the tumor is 4 centímetros or smaller.
    Stage I papillary and follicular thyroid cancer in patients 55 years and older; drawing shows cancer in the thyroid gland and the tumor is 4 centimeters or smaller. An inset shows 4 centimeters is about the size of a walnut. Also shown are the larynx and trachea.

    Stage I papillary and follicular thyroid cancer in patients 55 years and older. Cancer is found in the thyroid only and the tumor is 4 centimeters or smaller.

  • Stage II: In stage II papillary and follicular thyroid cancer, one of the following is found:
    • cancer is found in the thyroid and the tumor is 4 centimeters or smaller; cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes; or
    • cancer is found in the thyroid, the tumor is larger than 4 centimeters, and cancer may have spread to nearby lymph nodes; or
    • the tumor is any size and cancer has spread from the thyroid to nearby muscles in the neck and may have spread to nearby lymph nodes.
    Stage II papillary and follicular thyroid cancer (1) in patients 55 years and older; drawing shows cancer in the thyroid gland and nearby lymph nodes. The tumor is 4 centimeters or smaller. An inset shows 4 centimeters is about the size of a walnut. Also shown are the larynx and trachea.

    Stage II papillary and follicular thyroid cancer (1) in patients 55 years and older. Cancer is found in the thyroid and the tumor is 4 centimeters or smaller. Cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes.

  • Stage III: In stage III papillary and follicular thyroid cancer, the tumor is any size and El cáncer has spread from the thyroid hacia el tejido blando under the skin, the esófago, the trachea, the larynx, or the recurrent laryngeal nerve (a nerve that goes to the larynx). Cancer may have spread to ganglios linfáticos.
    Stage III papillary and follicular thyroid cancer in patients 55 years and older; drawing shows cancer that has spread from the thyroid gland to the esophagus, the trachea, the larynx, and the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. Also shown is the right recurrent laryngeal nerve.

    Stage III papillary and follicular thyroid cancer in patients 55 years and older. The tumor is any size and cancer has spread from the thyroid to soft tissue under the skin, the esophagus, the trachea, the larynx, or the recurrent laryngeal nerve (a nerve that goes to the larynx). Cancer may have spread to lymph nodes.

  • Stage IV: Stage IV papillary and follicular thyroid cancer is divided into stages IVA and IVB.
    • In stage IVA, the tumor is any size and El cáncer se ha extendido a los tejidos in front of the columna vertebral or has surrounded the arteria carótida or the blood vessels in the area between the pulmones. Cancer may have spread to ganglios linfáticos.
      Stage IVA papillary and follicular thyroid cancer in patients 55 years and older; drawing shows cancer has (a) spread to tissue in front of the spine (inset), (b) surrounded the common carotid artery, and (c) surrounded the blood vessels in the area between the lungs. Also shown are the thyroid gland, trachea, and lymph nodes.

      Stage IVA papillary and follicular thyroid cancer in patients 55 years and older. The tumor is any size and cancer has (a) spread to tissue in front of the spine; or (b) surrounded the carotid artery; or (c) surrounded the blood vessels in the area between the lungs. Cancer may have spread to lymph nodes.

    • In stage IVB, the tumor is any size and El cáncer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the pulmones or bones. Cancer may have spread to ganglios linfáticos.
      Stage IVB papillary and follicular thyroid cancer in patients 55 years and older; drawing shows other parts of the body where thyroid cancer may spread, including the lung and bone. An inset shows cancer cells spreading from the thyroid, through the blood and lymph system, to another part of the body where metastatic cancer has formed.

      Stage IVB papillary and follicular thyroid cancer in patients 55 years and older. The tumor is any size and cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or bones. Cancer may have spread to lymph nodes.

Anaplastic thyroid cancer in patients of all ages

Anaplastic thyroid cancer grows quickly and usually has spread within the neck when it is found. Anaplastic thyroid cancer is considered stage IV thyroid cancer. Stage IV anaplastic thyroid cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC.

  • In stage IVA, El cáncer is found in the thyroid only and the tumor may be any size.
    Stage IVA anaplastic thyroid cancer; drawing shows cancer in the thyroid gland. The lymph nodes are also shown.

    Stage IVA anaplastic thyroid cancer. Cancer is found in the thyroid only and the tumor may be any size.

  • In stage IVB, one of the following is found:
    • El cáncer is found in the thyroid and the tumor may be any size; cancer has spread to nearby ganglios linfáticos; or
      Stage IVB anaplastic thyroid cancer (1); drawing shows cancer in the thyroid gland and nearby lymph nodes.

      Stage IVB anaplastic thyroid cancer (1). Cancer is found in the thyroid and the tumor may be any size. Cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes.

    • the tumor is any size and cancer has spread from the thyroid to nearby muscles in the neck and may have spread to nearby lymph nodes; or
      Stage IVB anaplastic thyroid cancer (2); drawing shows cancer in the thyroid gland and nearby muscles in the neck. The lymph nodes are also shown.

      Stage IVB anaplastic thyroid cancer (2). The tumor is any size and cancer has spread from the thyroid to nearby muscles in the neck. Cancer may have spread to nearby lymph nodes.

    • the tumor is any size and cancer has spread from the thyroid to tejido blando under the skin, the esófago, the trachea, the larynx, the recurrent laryngeal nerve (a nerve that goes to the larynx), or tejidos in front of the columna vertebral, or has surrounded the arteria carótida or the blood vessels in the area between the pulmones; cancer may have spread to lymph nodes.
      Stage IVB anaplastic thyroid cancer (3); drawing shows cancer in the thyroid gland and in the esophagus, the trachea, the larynx, the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, and the tissue in front of the spine (inset). Cancer has also surrounded the common carotid artery and the blood vessels in the area between the lungs. Also shown is the right recurrent laryngeal nerve.

      Stage IVB anaplastic thyroid cancer (3). The tumor is any size and cancer has spread from the thyroid to soft tissue under the skin, the esophagus, the trachea, the larynx, the recurrent laryngeal nerve (a nerve that goes to the larynx), or tissue in front of the spine; or cancer has surrounded the carotid artery or the blood vessels in the area between the lungs. Cancer may have spread to lymph nodes.

  • In stage IVC, the tumor is any size and El cáncer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the pulmones or bones. Cancer may have spread to ganglios linfáticos.
    Stage IVC anaplastic thyroid cancer; drawing shows other parts of the body where thyroid cancer may spread, including the lung and bone. An inset shows cancer cells spreading from the thyroid, through the blood and lymph system, to another part of the body where metastatic cancer has formed.

    Stage IVC anaplastic thyroid cancer. The tumor is any size and cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or bones. Cancer may have spread to lymph nodes.

Medullary thyroid cancer in patients of all ages

  • Stage I: In stage I medullary thyroid cancer, El cáncer is found in the thyroid only and the tumor is 2 centímetros or smaller.
    Stage I medullary thyroid cancer; drawing shows cancer in the thyroid gland and the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller. An inset shows 2 centimeters is about the size of a peanut. Also shown are the larynx and trachea.

    Stage I medullary thyroid cancer. Cancer is found in the thyroid only and the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller.

  • Stage II: In stage II medullary thyroid cancer, one of the following is found:
    • cancer is in the thyroid only and the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters; or
    • the tumor is any size and cancer has spread from the thyroid to nearby muscles in the neck.
    Stage II medullary thyroid cancer; drawing shows (a) cancer in the thyroid gland and the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters and (b) cancer has spread to nearby muscles in the neck. An inset shows 2 centimeters is about the size of a peanut. Also shown are the larynx and trachea.

    Stage II medullary thyroid cancer. The cancer (a) is found in the thyroid only and the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters; or (b) has spread from the thyroid to nearby muscles in the neck and the tumor is any size.

  • Stage III: In stage III medullary thyroid cancer, the tumor is any size and El cáncer may have spread from the thyroid to nearby muscles in the neck. Cancer has spread to ganglios linfáticos on one or both sides of the trachea o larynx.
    Stage III medullary thyroid cancer; drawing shows cancer in the thyroid gland and in nearby lymph nodes. Also shown are the trachea and larynx

    Stage III medullary thyroid cancer. The tumor is any size and cancer may have spread from the thyroid to nearby muscles in the neck. Cancer has spread to lymph nodes on one or both sides of the trachea or larynx.

  • Stage IV: Stage IV medullary thyroid cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC.
    • In stage IVA, either of the following is found:
      • the tumor is any size and cancer has spread from the thyroid to soft tissue under the skin, the esophagus, the trachea, the larynx, or the recurrent laryngeal nerve (a nerve that goes to the larynx); cancer may have spread to lymph nodes on one or both sides of the neck; or
      • the tumor is any size and cancer may have spread from the thyroid to nearby muscles in the neck; cancer has spread to lymph nodes on one or both sides of the neck.
      Stage IVA medullary thyroid cancer; drawing shows cancer in the thyroid gland and in the larynx, the esophagus, the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, the trachea, and a lymph node on one side of the neck. Also shown is the right recurrent laryngeal nerve.

      Stage IVA medullary thyroid cancer. The tumor is any size and cancer has spread from the thyroid to soft tissue under the skin, the esophagus, the trachea, the larynx, or the recurrent laryngeal nerve (a nerve that goes to the larynx), and cancer may have spread to lymph nodes on one or both sides of the neck; or cancer may have spread from the thyroid to nearby muscles in the neck, and cancer has spread to lymph nodes on one or both sides of the neck.

  • In stage IVB, the tumor is any size and El cáncer se ha extendido a los tejidos in front of the columna vertebral or to the spine or has surrounded the arteria carótida or the blood vessels in the area between the pulmones. Cancer may have spread to ganglios linfáticos.
    Stage IVB medullary thyroid cancer; drawing shows cancer has (a) spread from the thyroid gland to tissue in front of the spine and to the spine (inset), (b) surrounded the common carotid artery, and (c) surrounded the blood vessels in the area between the lungs. Also shown are the lymph nodes and trachea.

    Stage IVB medullary thyroid cancer. The tumor is any size and cancer has (a) spread to tissue in front of the spine or to the spine; or (b) surrounded the carotid artery; or (c) surrounded the blood vessels in the area between the lungs. Cancer may have spread to lymph nodes.

  • In stage IVC, the tumor is any size and El cáncer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the pulmones o hígado. Cancer may have spread to ganglios linfáticos.
    Stage IVC medullary thyroid cancer; drawing shows other parts of the body where thyroid cancer may spread, including the lung and liver. An inset shows cancer cells spreading from the thyroid, through the blood and lymph system, to another part of the body where metastatic cancer has formed.

    Stage IVC medullary thyroid cancer. The tumor is any size and cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lung or liver. Cancer may have spread to lymph nodes.

Thyroid cancer can recur (come back) after it has been treated.

The cancer may come back in the thyroid or in other parts of the body.

Descripción general de las opciones de tratamiento

Puntos clave

  • There are different types of treatment for patients with thyroid cancer.
  • Se utilizan los siguientes tipos de tratamiento:
    • Cirugía
    • Radiation therapy, including radioactive iodine therapy
    • Quimioterapia
    • Thyroid hormone therapy
    • Terapia dirigida
    • Observación cuidadosa
  • Se están probando nuevos tipos de tratamiento en ensayos clínicos.
    • Inmunoterapia
  • Treatment for thyroid cancer may cause side effects.
  • Los pacientes pueden evaluar la posibilidad de participar en un ensayo clínico.
  • Los pacientes pueden participar en ensayos clínicos antes, durante o después de comenzar el tratamiento contra el cáncer.
  • Pueden ser necesarias pruebas de seguimiento.

There are different types of treatment for patients with thyroid cancer.

Different types of treatment are available for patients with thyroid cancer. Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials. A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment. Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.

Se utilizan los siguientes tipos de tratamiento:

Cirugía

Surgery is the most common treatment for thyroid cancer. One of the following procedures may be used:

  • Lobectomy: Removal of the lobe in which thyroid cancer is found. Lymph nodes near the cancer may also be removed and checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.
  • Near-total thyroidectomy: Removal of all but a very small part of the thyroid. Lymph nodes near the cancer may also be removed and checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.
  • Total thyroidectomy: Removal of the whole thyroid. Lymph nodes near the cancer may also be removed and checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.
  • Tracheostomy: Surgery to create an opening (stoma) into the windpipe to help you breathe. The opening itself may also be called a tracheostomy.

Radiation therapy, including radioactive iodine therapy

La radioterapia es un tratamiento contra el cáncer que utiliza rayos X de alta energía u otros tipos de radiación para matar las células cancerosas o evitar que crezcan. Hay dos tipos de radioterapia:

Radiation therapy may be given after surgery to kill any thyroid cancer cells that were not removed. Follicular and papillary thyroid cancers are sometimes treated with radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy. RAI is taken by mouth and collects in any remaining thyroid tissue, including thyroid cancer cells that have spread to other places in the body. Since only thyroid tissue takes up iodine, the RAI destroys thyroid tissue and thyroid cancer cells without harming other tissue. Before a full treatment dose of RAI is given, a small test-dose is given to see if the tumor takes up the iodine.

The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated. External radiation therapy and radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy are used to treat thyroid cancer.

Quimioterapia

Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (systemic chemotherapy). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, an organ, or a body cavity such as the abdomen, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (regional chemotherapy).

La forma en que se administra la quimioterapia depende del tipo y estadio del cáncer que se esté tratando.

See Drugs Approved for Thyroid Cancer for more information.

Thyroid hormone therapy

Hormone therapy is a cancer treatment that removes hormones or blocks their action and stops cancer cells from growing. Hormones are substances made by glands in the body and circulated in the bloodstream. In the treatment of thyroid cancer, drugs may be given to prevent the body from making thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), a hormone that can increase the chance that thyroid cancer will grow or recur.

Also, because thyroid cancer treatment kills thyroid cells, the thyroid is not able to make enough thyroid hormone. Patients are given thyroid hormone replacement pills.

Terapia dirigida

Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells. There are different types of targeted therapy:

See Drugs Approved for Thyroid Cancer for more information.

Observación cuidadosa

Watchful waiting is closely monitoring a patient’s condition without giving any treatment until signs or symptoms appear or change.

Se están probando nuevos tipos de tratamiento en ensayos clínicos.

Inmunoterapia

Immunotherapy is a treatment that uses the patient’s immune system to fight cancer. Substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost, direct, or restore the body’s natural defenses against cancer. This cancer treatment is a type of biologic therapy. Immunotherapy is being studied as a treatment for thyroid cancer.

La información sobre los ensayos clínicos está disponible en el sitio web del NCI.

Treatment for thyroid cancer may cause side effects.

Para obtener información sobre los efectos secundarios causados por el tratamiento para el cáncer, visite la página de efectos secundarios.

Los pacientes pueden evaluar la posibilidad de participar en un ensayo clínico.

Para algunos pacientes, participar en un ensayo clínico puede ser la mejor opción de tratamiento. Los ensayos clínicos son parte del proceso de investigación del cáncer y se realizan para determinar si los nuevos tratamientos para el cáncer son seguros y eficaces o mejores que el tratamiento estándar.

Muchos de los tratamientos estándar actuales para el cáncer se basan en ensayos clínicos anteriores. Los pacientes que participan en un ensayo clínico pueden recibir el tratamiento estándar o ser de los primeros en recibir uno nuevo.

Los pacientes que participan en ensayos clínicos también ayudan a mejorar la forma en que se tratará el cáncer en el futuro. Incluso cuando los ensayos clínicos no conducen a nuevos tratamientos efectivos, suelen responder a preguntas clave y contribuir de forma significativa al avance de la investigación.

Los pacientes pueden participar en ensayos clínicos antes, durante o después de comenzar el tratamiento contra el cáncer.

Algunos ensayos clínicos solo incluyen a pacientes que aún no han recibido tratamiento. Otros ensayos prueban tratamientos para pacientes cuyo cáncer no ha mejorado. También hay ensayos clínicos que prueban nuevas formas de evitar que el cáncer recidive (regrese) o de reducir los efectos secundarios del tratamiento del cáncer.

Se están realizando ensayos clínicos en muchas partes del país. Puede encontrar información sobre los ensayos clínicos respaldados por el NCI en el sitio web de búsqueda de ensayos clínicos del NCI. Puede encontrar ensayos clínicos respaldados por otras organizaciones en el sitio web ClinicalTrials.gov.

Pueden ser necesarias pruebas de seguimiento.

A medida que avanza el tratamiento, se le realizarán pruebas o controles de seguimiento. Es posible que se repitan algunas pruebas para diagnosticar o estadificar el cáncer con el fin de evaluar cómo está funcionando el tratamiento. Las decisiones sobre si continuar, modificar o suspender el tratamiento pueden basarse en los resultados de estas pruebas.

Algunas pruebas seguirán realizándose de manera periódica después de terminar el tratamiento. Los resultados pueden indicar si su afección ha cambiado o si el cáncer ha redicivado (regresado).

Treatment of Stages I, II, and III Papillary and Follicular Thyroid Cancer (Localized/Regional)

Para más información sobre los tratamientos que se enumeran a continuación, consulte la sección Aspectos generales de las opciones de tratamiento.

Treatment of stage I (younger than 55 years; 55 years and older), stage II (younger than 55 years; 55 years and older), and stage III papillary and follicular thyroid cancer may include the following:

Puede utilizar la búsqueda de ensayos clínicos y encontrar ensayos clínicos sobre cáncer patrocinados por el NCI que acepten participantes. La búsqueda le permite filtrar los ensayos según el tipo de cáncer, la edad y el lugar donde se realizan los ensayos. También encontrará información general sobre los ensayos clínicos.

Treatment of Stage IV Papillary and Follicular Thyroid Cancer (Metastatic)

Para más información sobre los tratamientos que se enumeran a continuación, consulte la sección Aspectos generales de las opciones de tratamiento.

When cancer has spread to other places in the body, such as the lungs and bone, treatment usually does not cure the cancer, but can relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life. Treatment of stage IV papillary and follicular thyroid cancer may include the following:

For tumors that take up iodine

For tumors that do not take up iodine

Puede utilizar la búsqueda de ensayos clínicos y encontrar ensayos clínicos sobre cáncer patrocinados por el NCI que acepten participantes. La búsqueda le permite filtrar los ensayos según el tipo de cáncer, la edad y el lugar donde se realizan los ensayos. También encontrará información general sobre los ensayos clínicos.

Treatment of Recurrent Papillary and Follicular Thyroid Cancer

Para más información sobre los tratamientos que se enumeran a continuación, consulte la sección Aspectos generales de las opciones de tratamiento.

Treatment of recurrent papillary and follicular thyroid cancer may include the following:

Puede utilizar la búsqueda de ensayos clínicos y encontrar ensayos clínicos sobre cáncer patrocinados por el NCI que acepten participantes. La búsqueda le permite filtrar los ensayos según el tipo de cáncer, la edad y el lugar donde se realizan los ensayos. También encontrará información general sobre los ensayos clínicos.

Treatment of Medullary Thyroid Cancer

Para más información sobre los tratamientos que se enumeran a continuación, consulte la sección Aspectos generales de las opciones de tratamiento.

Localized medullary thyroid cancer is in the thyroid only and may have spread to nearby muscles in the neck. Locally advanced and metastatic thyroid cancer has spread to other parts of the neck or to other parts of the body.

Treatment of localized medullary thyroid cancer may include the following:

Treatment of locally advanced/metastatic medullary thyroid cancer may include the following:

Radioactive iodine therapy is not used to treat medullary thyroid cancer.

Puede utilizar la búsqueda de ensayos clínicos y encontrar ensayos clínicos sobre cáncer patrocinados por el NCI que acepten participantes. La búsqueda le permite filtrar los ensayos según el tipo de cáncer, la edad y el lugar donde se realizan los ensayos. También encontrará información general sobre los ensayos clínicos.

Treatment of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Para más información sobre los tratamientos que se enumeran a continuación, consulte la sección Aspectos generales de las opciones de tratamiento.

Treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer may include the following:

Puede utilizar la búsqueda de ensayos clínicos y encontrar ensayos clínicos sobre cáncer patrocinados por el NCI que acepten participantes. La búsqueda le permite filtrar los ensayos según el tipo de cáncer, la edad y el lugar donde se realizan los ensayos. También encontrará información general sobre los ensayos clínicos.

To Learn More About Thyroid Cancer

Sobre este resumen del PDQ

Acerca del PDQ

El Physician Data Query (PDQ) es la base de datos integral sobre el cáncer del National Cancer Institute (NCI). La base de datos del PDQ contiene resúmenes con la última información publicada sobre prevención, detección, genética, tratamiento, atención médica de apoyo y medicina complementaria y alternativa relacionada con el cáncer. La mayoría de los resúmenes se presentan en dos versiones. Las versiones para profesionales de la salud contienen información detallada escrita en lenguaje técnico. Las versiones para pacientes están escritas en un lenguaje fácil de entender y no tan técnico. Ambas versiones contienen información precisa y actualizada sobre el cáncer. La mayoría de las versiones también están disponibles en español.

El PDQ es un servicio del NCI. El NCI es parte de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud (NIH), que son el centro de investigación biomédica del Gobierno federal. Los resúmenes del PDQ se basan en una revisión independiente de la literatura médica. No son declaraciones de políticas del NCI ni de los NIH.

Propósito de este resumen

This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of adult thyroid cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.

Revisores y actualizaciones

Los comités editoriales escriben los resúmenes de información sobre el cáncer del PDQ y los mantienen actualizados. Estos comités están formados por equipos de especialistas en el tratamiento del cáncer y otras especialidades relacionadas con esta enfermedad. Los resúmenes se revisan periódicamente y se modifican cuando hay información nueva. La fecha de actualización al pie de cada resumen indica cuándo se realizó el cambio más reciente.

La información de este resumen para pacientes procede de la versión para profesionales de la salud, la cual es revisada y actualizada por el comité editorial del PDQ sobre el tratamiento para adultos.

Información sobre ensayos clínicos

Un ensayo clínico es un estudio para responder a una pregunta científica como, por ejemplo, si un tratamiento es mejor que otro. Los ensayos se basan en estudios anteriores y en lo aprendido en el laboratorio. Cada ensayo responde a determinadas preguntas científicas que permiten encontrar nuevas y mejores formas de ayudar a los pacientes con cáncer. Durante los ensayos clínicos de tratamiento, se recopila información sobre los efectos de un nuevo tratamiento y su eficacia. Si un ensayo clínico demuestra que un nuevo tratamiento es mejor que uno que se utiliza actualmente, el nuevo tratamiento puede convertirse en “estándar”. Los pacientes pueden valorar la posibilidad de participar en un ensayo clínico. Algunos ensayos clínicos solo están abiertos a pacientes que no hayan iniciado el tratamiento.

Los ensayos clínicos se pueden encontrar en línea en el sitio web del NCI. Para obtener más información, llame al Servicio de Información sobre el Cáncer (CIS, por sus siglas en inglés), el centro de contacto del NCI, al 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).

Permiso de uso de este resumen

Physician Data Query (PDQ) es una marca registrada. Se autoriza el libre uso del contenido de los documentos del PDQ como texto. Sin embargo, no se podrá identificar como un resumen de información sobre cáncer del PDQ del NCI, salvo que se reproduzca en su totalidad y se actualice con regularidad. Por otra parte, se permite que los autores incluyan una oración como “en el resumen del PDQ del NCI sobre la prevención del cáncer de mama se describen, de manera concisa, los siguientes riesgos: [incluir fragmento del resumen]”.

La forma recomendada para citar este resumen del PDQ es:

Comité editorial del PDQ® sobre el tratamiento para adultos. Tratamiento del cáncer de tiroides (PDQ). Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Actualizado el [DD/MM/AAAA]. Disponible en: https://www.cancer.gov/types/tiroides/paciente/tratamiento-tiroides-pdq. Consultado el [DD/MM/AAAA]. [ID del artículo: 26389296]

Las imágenes de este resumen se utilizan con el permiso del autor, artista y/o editorial para uso exclusivo en los resúmenes del PDQ. Si desea usar una imagen de un resumen del PDQ sin incluir el resumen completo, debe obtener autorización del propietario. El National Cancer Institute no puede otorgar dicho permiso. Para obtener más información sobre el uso de las imágenes de este resumen o de otras ilustraciones relacionadas con el cáncer, consulte Visuals Online, una colección de más de 3,000 imágenes científicas.

Descargo de responsabilidad

La información de estos resúmenes no debe utilizarse para tomar decisiones sobre reembolsos de seguros. Puede encontrar más información sobre la cobertura de seguros en Cancer.gov en el sitio Manejo de la atención del cáncer.

Contáctenos

Puede encontrar más información sobre cómo contactarnos o recibir ayuda en el sitio web Cancer.gov en la página Comuníquese con el NCI. También puede enviar sus preguntas a Cancer.gov en el apartado Escríbanos del sitio web.

Updated:

Este contenido ha sido facilitado por el National Cancer Institute (www.cancer.gov)
Información sobre artículos sindicados:
Source URL: https://www.cancer.gov/node/5188/syndication
Agencia de origen: National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Captured Date: 2013-09-14 09:02:41.0