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Kidney Cancer Genetics

Tener ciertos síndromes hereditarios puede aumentar el riesgo de una persona de padecer cáncer de riñón. El cáncer de riñón hereditario representa sólo entre el 5 y el 8 % de todos los cánceres de riñón, lo que lo convierte en un tipo de cáncer poco frecuente. Existen cuatro tipos de síndromes de cáncer de riñón hereditario, y en Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center los tratamos todos. Nos apasiona la detección de estos tipos de cáncer renal hereditario y muchos otros tipos de cáncer en nuestro centro integral de cáncer designado por el NCI.

Nuestro programa de genética del cáncer de riñón se centra en identificar el riesgo individual de tener esta enfermedad, permitiendo a los pacientes tomar medidas preventivas para proteger su salud. Estamos a la vanguardia de métodos innovadores para prevenir y tratar el cáncer de riñón. Nuestra investigación impulsa avances en la atención médica, y nuestros especialistas en cáncer de renombre mundial están comprometidos con ofrecer los enfoques de diagnóstico y tratamiento más avanzados para mejorar los resultados de los pacientes.

Para darle la atención más avanzada, tendrá acceso a especialistas de renombre mundial que colaboran con expertos en medicina de atención crítica y medicina nuclear, nutricionistas y patólogos, así como también con oncólogos psicosociales y guías de atención médica del cáncer torácico. Y encontrará la atención que necesita en nuestros centros de vanguardia.

Durante más de 50 años, Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center ha sido líder en la investigación, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de más de 200 tipos de cáncer. Recurra a nosotros para una detección integral del cáncer.

El Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, designado como centro integral del cáncer por el National Cancer Institute (NCI), apoya la misión y las normas del NCI. La siguiente información sobre los tipos de cáncer, prevención y tratamientos ha sido facilitada por el NCI.

Genetics of Renal Cell Carcinoma (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version

Inheritance and Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma

El carcinoma de células renales (CCR) se diagnostica con frecuencia tanto en hombres como en mujeres. En Estados Unidos, en 2025 se producirán unos 80,980 nuevos casos de cáncer de riñón y de pelvis renal, junto con unas 14,510 muertes [1]. Estos cánceres representan alrededor del 3.97 % de todas las neoplasias malignas en adultos [1]. La proporción entre hombres y mujeres es de 1.9:1 [2]. El CCR es distinto del cáncer de riñón que afecta a la pelvis renal o la médula renal, y solo se aplica al cáncer que se forma en el revestimiento del lecho renal (es decir, en los túbulos renales). Este resumen no aborda los tumores renales que no son CCR, incluidos el cáncer de la pelvis renal o la médula renal. Se han identificado variantes patógenas genéticas como causa del riesgo de cáncer hereditario en algunas familias propensas al CCR; se estima que estas variantes patógenas representan solo entre el 5 % y el 8 % de los casos de CCR en general [3,4]. Es probable que otros genes y factores genéticos de fondo aún por descubrir contribuyan al desarrollo del CCR familiar junto con factores de riesgo no genéticos.

Studies of several sequencing cohorts have evaluated patients with RCC using genetic testing panels that included many genes not previously associated with hereditary RCC. Many of these cohorts reinforce that the rate of germline alterations in classic RCC genes aligns with prior estimates. These cohorts also show a high incidence of other pathogenic variants, some of which occurred in DNA repair genes. The rate of other pathogenic alterations ranged from 12.8% to 17.0%.[5-9] The incidence of other pathogenic alterations is higher than would be expected in the population. However, these cohorts are not population-based, and they are significantly enriched for cancer patients who have been recommended for germline testing.

A retrospective single-center study of patients with early-onset RCC (diagnosed before age 46 y), found that participants with clinical phenotypes suggestive of RCC-associated pathogenic variants—like bilateral or multifocal tumors, non–clear cell renal histology, and extra-renal primary cancers—had the highest yields on germline RCC panel testing.[10] There were 129 patients with clear cell RCC. A subset analysis of patients with unifocal, clear cell RCC did not reveal pathogenic variants on RCC genetic testing panels. Other studies have confirmed that individuals with bilateral or multifocal tumors were more likely to have a pathogenic variant in an RCC- or cancer-related gene.[11] However, 5% to 10% of individuals in these series had pathogenic variants in non-RCC–associated genes—primarily in DNA repair genes.[10,11] At this time, it is unclear if there is a causal relationship between RCC and these pathogenic alterations; the relationship requires additional study. It is plausible that these pathogenic variants increase RCC risk. However, RCC risk could also be elevated by other factors like an enriched population of high-risk individuals or overdetection of RCC from frequent scans in high-risk patients.

In contrast, several studies reported that the incidence of germline pathogenic variants is much lower (4.1% to 6.4%) in unselected individuals with RCC who underwent sequencing during a research study.[12,13] Most variants identified in these series were in genes classically associated with RCC. This finding suggests that the population studied may greatly influence the detection rate of pathogenic variants in cancer predisposition genes that are not typically associated with RCC.

RCC occurs in both sporadic and heritable forms. Four major RCC syndromes with autosomal dominant inheritance have been identified. PDQ summaries are available for each of these syndromes:

For more information about sporadic kidney cancer, see Renal Cell Cancer Treatment and Transitional Cell Cancer of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter Treatment.

Natural History of Renal Cell Carcinoma

The natural history of each RCC syndrome is distinct and influenced by several factors, including histological features and underlying genetic alterations. Although it is useful to follow the predominant reported natural history of each syndrome, each affected individual must be evaluated and monitored for occasional individual variations. The individual prognosis depends on the characteristics of the renal tumor at the time of detection and intervention, which differs for each syndrome (VHL, HLRCC, HPRC, and BHD). Prognostic determinants at diagnosis include the stage of the RCC, whether the tumor is confined to the kidney, primary tumor size, Fuhrman nuclear grade, and multifocality.[14-16]

Family History as a Risk Factor for Renal Cell Carcinoma

El cáncer de riñón y el cáncer de pelvis renal representan aproximadamente el 3.97 % de todos los tumores malignos en adultos en Estados Unidos [1]. Los estudios epidemiológicos del CCR sugieren que los antecedentes familiares de CCR son un factor de riesgo para la enfermedad [4,17,18]. Un análisis de personas con CCR diagnosticadas antes del año 2000 en la Base de Datos de Cáncer Familiar de Suecia incluyó a todos los suecos nacidos desde 1931 y a sus padres biológicos. El estudio reveló que el riesgo de CCR era especialmente alto en los hermanos de personas con CCR. Los hermanos de personas con CCR tenían un riesgo relativo (RR) mayor que los pares de padres e hijos [17]. Otros trabajos realizados a partir de esta base de datos confirman que el 3 % de las personas con CCR tenían un familiar de primer grado (FDR, por sus siglas en inglés) con CCR [19]. El riesgo puede ser mayor en personas que tienen varios FDR con CCR y en mujeres. Otro estudio examinó a todos los pacientes de Islandia que desarrollaron CCR entre 1955 y 1999 (1,078 casos). Los investigadores utilizaron una amplia base de datos informatizada para realizar un estudio genealógico único que incluyó a más de 600,000 islandeses. Los resultados revelaron que casi el 60 % de los pacientes islandeses con CCR tenían un pariente de primer grado o un familiar de segundo grado (SDR, por sus siglas en inglés) con CCR. Los hermanos de pacientes con CCR tenían un RR estimado de 2.5 [4]. En un estudio coreano, las personas que tenían FDR con CCR tenían un riesgo 2.29 veces mayor de padecer CCR. El riesgo no parecía variar en función de si el FDR era la madre, el padre o un hermano [20]. Factores modificadores como la obesidad y la hiperglucemia pueden aumentar aún más el riesgo de CCR en esta población de alto riesgo. Otro estudio evaluó a 80,309 gemelos monocigóticos y 123,382 gemelos dicigóticos del mismo sexo en Dinamarca, Finlandia, Noruega y Suecia [18]. Este estudio reveló un riesgo excesivo de cáncer en gemelos cuyo gemelo había sido diagnosticado con cáncer. Los riesgos acumulativos estimados fueron un 5 % más altos en términos absolutos (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95 %, 4 %-6 %) en gemelos dicigóticos (37 %; IC del 95 %, 36 %-38 %) y un 14 % más alto en términos absolutos (IC del 95 %, 12 %-16 %) en gemelos monocigóticos (46 %; IC del 95 %, 44 %-48 %) —para aquellos cuyo gemelo también desarrolló cáncer— que en la cohorte general (32 %). La heredabilidad global del cáncer, calculada evaluando la contribución relativa de la herencia frente al entorno compartido, se estimó en un 33 %. La heredabilidad del cáncer de riñón se estimó en un 38 % (IC del 95 %, 21 %-55 %). Los factores ambientales compartidos no contribuyeron de manera significativa al riesgo global.

Young age at RCC onset is also a clue that hereditary etiology is possible. Unlike sporadic RCC, which is generally diagnosed during the fifth to seventh decades of life, hereditary forms of RCC are generally diagnosed at an earlier age. In a review of more than 600 cases of hereditary RCC from the National Cancer Institute, the median age of RCC diagnosis was 37 years, with 70% of cases being diagnosed at age 46 years or younger.[3] This age is lower than the median age of RCC diagnosis in the general population, which is 64 years.[21] Heritable RCCs are often multifocal and bilateral. A retrospective analysis of 1,235 patients with RCC who underwent genetic testing revealed that 6.1% of this population had positive genetic test results, 75.5% had negative test results, and 18.4% had a variant of unknown significance. Young age at RCC diagnosis was the only variable associated with a positive test result.[8] Other series showed that patients with non-clear cell advanced RCC may have an enrichment for pathogenic variants when compared with patients who had clear cell RCC; however, current research data are limited.[5,22]

While there is much debate about the referral criteria for hereditary RCC genetic testing, the following organizations have offered some guidance:

  • VHL Alliance.
  • Kidney Cancer Research Network of Canada.[23]
  • National Comprehensive Cancer Network.[24]

These guidelines acknowledge that the following criteria can prompt a referral to genetic counseling: early age of RCC onset, family history of RCC (≥1 FDR/SDR with RCC), bilateral or multifocal RCCs, and suspicious RCC histology. A consensus statement published by a group of kidney cancer experts provides additional guidance that may help providers identify patients who can be referred to genetic counseling.[25]

When evaluating patients at risk of hereditary kidney cancer, specific clinical features help determine which test is the most appropriate to order. Single gene tests are available during family variant testing or when there is only suspicion for one specific kidney cancer syndrome. The following panel tests are also available: 1) broad cancer genetic panels of up to 100 genes associated with cancer predisposition, and 2) renal cancer genetic panels with 15 to 20 genes that have strong associations with hereditary kidney cancer syndromes. Most of these panels conduct targeted sequencing of the exon with little coverage of the intron, except for splice-site variants. In the future, RNA testing may be useful to evaluate variants of unknown significance identified by DNA testing, to add additional support for pathogenicity. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) can be considered for rare cases with clinical suspicion that had negative panel testing. WGS may detect structural variants in introns that can contribute to cancer predisposition. In a series of over 1,300 unselected patients with RCC who underwent WGS, 6.9% of patients had germline pathogenic variants identified in cancer predisposition genes.[12]

Other Risk Factors for Renal Cell Carcinoma

Studies of environmental and lifestyle factors contributing to the risk of RCC focus almost exclusively on sporadic (i.e., nonhereditary) RCC. Smoking, hypertension, and obesity are the major environmental and lifestyle risk factors associated with RCC.[26] In addition, workers who were reportedly exposed to the environmental carcinogen trichloroethylene developed sporadic clear cell RCC, presumably resulting from somatic variants in the VHL gene.[27] Dietary intake of vegetables and fruits has been inversely associated with RCC. Greater intake of red meat and milk products have been associated with increased RCC risk, although not consistently.[28]

Referencias bibliográficas
  • Sociedad Americana del Cáncer: Datos y cifras sobre el cáncer 2025. Sociedad Americana del Cáncer, 2025. Disponible en línea. Último acceso: 16 de enero de 2025.
  • DeVita VT Jr, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA, et al., eds.: DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg’s Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer, 2019.
  • Shuch B, Vourganti S, Ricketts CJ, et al.: Defining early-onset kidney cancer: implications for germline and somatic mutation testing and clinical management. J Clin Oncol 32 (5): 431-7, 2014. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Gudbjartsson T, Jónasdóttir TJ, Thoroddsen A, et al.: A population-based familial aggregation analysis indicates genetic contribution in a majority of renal cell carcinomas. Int J Cancer 100 (4): 476-9, 2002. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Carlo MI, Mukherjee S, Mandelker D, et al.: Prevalence of Germline Mutations in Cancer Susceptibility Genes in Patients With Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma. JAMA Oncol 4 (9): 1228-1235, 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Hartman TR, Demidova EV, Lesh RW, et al.: Prevalence of pathogenic variants in DNA damage response and repair genes in patients undergoing cancer risk assessment and reporting a personal history of early-onset renal cancer. Sci Rep 10 (1): 13518, 2020. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Abou Alaiwi S, Nassar AH, Adib E, et al.: Trans-ethnic variation in germline variants of patients with renal cell carcinoma. Cell Rep 34 (13): 108926, 2021. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Nguyen KA, Syed JS, Espenschied CR, et al.: Advances in the diagnosis of hereditary kidney cancer: Initial results of a multigene panel test. Cancer 123 (22): 4363-4371, 2017. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Smith PS, West H, Whitworth J, et al.: Pathogenic germline variants in patients with features of hereditary renal cell carcinoma: Evidence for further locus heterogeneity. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 60 (1): 5-16, 2021. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Truong H, Sheikh R, Kotecha R, et al.: Germline Variants Identified in Patients with Early-onset Renal Cell Carcinoma Referred for Germline Genetic Testing. Eur Urol Oncol 4 (6): 993-1000, 2021. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Nguyen CB, Knaus C, Li J, et al.: Pathogenic Germline Mutational Landscape in Patients With Renal Cell Carcinoma and Associated Clinicopathologic Features. JCO Precis Oncol 7: e2300168, 2023. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Yngvadottir B, Andreou A, Bassaganyas L, et al.: Frequency of pathogenic germline variants in cancer susceptibility genes in 1336 renal cell carcinoma cases. Hum Mol Genet 31 (17): 3001-3011, 2022. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Sekine Y, Iwasaki Y, Aoi T, et al.: Different risk genes contribute to clear cell and non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma in 1532 Japanese patients and 5996 controls. Hum Mol Genet 31 (12): 1962-1969, 2022. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Vira MA, Novakovic KR, Pinto PA, et al.: Genetic basis of kidney cancer: a model for developing molecular-targeted therapies. BJU Int 99 (5 Pt B): 1223-9, 2007. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Choyke PL, Glenn GM, Walther MM, et al.: Hereditary renal cancers. Radiology 226 (1): 33-46, 2003. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Zbar B, Glenn G, Merino M, et al.: Familial renal carcinoma: clinical evaluation, clinical subtypes and risk of renal carcinoma development. J Urol 177 (2): 461-5; discussion 465, 2007. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Hemminki K, Li X: Familial risks of cancer as a guide to gene identification and mode of inheritance. Int J Cancer 110 (2): 291-4, 2004. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Mucci LA, Hjelmborg JB, Harris JR, et al.: Familial Risk and Heritability of Cancer Among Twins in Nordic Countries. JAMA 315 (1): 68-76, 2016. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Jakobsson RG, Nasic S, Bratt O, et al.: Family History and Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma: A National Multiregister Case-Control Study. J Urol 211 (1): 71-79, 2024. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Lee SW, Kim HJ, Kazmi SZ, et al.: Familial Risk of Renal Cell Cancer and Interaction with Obesity and Hyperglycemia: A Population-Based Study. J Urol 208 (2): 251-258, 2022. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • National Cancer Institute: SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Kidney and Renal Pelvis Cancer. Bethesda, Md: National Cancer Institute. Available online. Last accessed February 17, 2025.
  • Santos M, Lanillos J, Roldan-Romero JM, et al.: Prevalence of pathogenic germline variants in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Genet Med 23 (4): 698-704, 2021. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Reaume MN, Graham GE, Tomiak E, et al.: Canadian guideline on genetic screening for hereditary renal cell cancers. Can Urol Assoc J 7 (9-10): 319-23, 2013 Sep-Oct. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • National Comprehensive Cancer Network: NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Kidney Cancer. Version 3.2023. Plymouth Meeting, Pa: National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 2022. Available online with free registration. Last accessed September 30, 2024.
  • Bratslavsky G, Mendhiratta N, Daneshvar M, et al.: Genetic risk assessment for hereditary renal cell carcinoma: Clinical consensus statement. Cancer 127 (21): 3957-3966, 2021. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • McLaughlin JK, Lipworth L: Epidemiologic aspects of renal cell cancer. Semin Oncol 27 (2): 115-23, 2000. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Brauch H, Weirich G, Hornauer MA, et al.: Trichloroethylene exposure and specific somatic mutations in patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 91 (10): 854-61, 1999. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Chow WH, Devesa SS: Contemporary epidemiology of renal cell cancer. Cancer J 14 (5): 288-301, 2008 Sep-Oct. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Major Heritable Renal Cell Carcinoma Syndromes

    There are four major hereditary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) syndromes. These syndromes are summarized in detail in the following PDQ summaries and in Table 1 below:

    Table 1. Hereditary Renal Cell Cancer (RCC) Syndromes and Susceptibility Genes Syndrome (Inheritance Pattern) Gene Locus, Gene Type (Protein) Renal Tumor Pathology Cumulative Cancer Risk Nonrenal Tumors and Associated Abnormalities AD = autosomal dominant; ccRCC = clear cell renal cell carcinoma; CNS = central nervous system; PHEO = pheochromocytoma. Enfermedad de Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) (AD) [1,2] VHL 3p26, tumor suppressor (pVHL) ccRCC (multifocal) 24%–45% CNS hemangioblastoma, retinal hemangioblastomas, PHEO, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, endolymphatic sac tumor, cystadenoma of the pancreas, the epididymis, and the broad ligament Leiomiomatosis hereditaria y cáncer de células renales (HLRCC) (AD) [3-6] FH 1q42.1, tumor suppressor (fumarate hydratase) HLRCC-associated RCC Up to 32% Cutaneous leiomyomas, uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) Hereditary papillary renal carcinoma (HPRC) (AD) [7,8] MET 7q34, proto-oncogene (hepatocyte growth factor receptor) Papillary RCC (formerly known as type 1 papillary RCC) Approaching 100% None known Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD) (AD) [9-12] FLCN 17p11.2, tumor suppressor (folliculin) Hybrid oncocytic, chromophobe, oncocytoma, papillary, clear cell 15%–30% Cutaneous: fibrofolliculomas/ trichodiscomas Pulmonary: lung cysts, spontaneous pneumothoraces          

    These major RCC syndromes are transmitted via an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. This means that the altered gene is present in one of the parents and that the chances of transmitting this gene and the disease to the offspring is 50% for each pregnancy. Genetic tests performed in Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-certified laboratories are available for the genes associated with VHL, HLRCC, HPRC, and BHD. Genetic counseling is a prerequisite for genetic testing. For more information, see Cancer Genetics Risk Assessment and Counseling.

    Referencias bibliográficas
  • Choyke PL, Glenn GM, Walther MM, et al.: von Hippel-Lindau disease: genetic, clinical, and imaging features. Radiology 194 (3): 629-42, 1995. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Lonser RR, Glenn GM, Walther M, et al.: von Hippel-Lindau disease. Lancet 361 (9374): 2059-67, 2003. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Launonen V, Vierimaa O, Kiuru M, et al.: Inherited susceptibility to uterine leiomyomas and renal cell cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 (6): 3387-92, 2001. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Alam NA, Olpin S, Leigh IM: Fumarate hydratase mutations and predisposition to cutaneous leiomyomas, uterine leiomyomas and renal cancer. Br J Dermatol 153 (1): 11-7, 2005. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Toro JR, Nickerson ML, Wei MH, et al.: Mutations in the fumarate hydratase gene cause hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer in families in North America. Am J Hum Genet 73 (1): 95-106, 2003. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Wei MH, Toure O, Glenn GM, et al.: Novel mutations in FH and expansion of the spectrum of phenotypes expressed in families with hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer. J Med Genet 43 (1): 18-27, 2006. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Schmidt L, Duh FM, Chen F, et al.: Germline and somatic mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the MET proto-oncogene in papillary renal carcinomas. Nat Genet 16 (1): 68-73, 1997. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Schmidt LS, Nickerson ML, Angeloni D, et al.: Early onset hereditary papillary renal carcinoma: germline missense mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the met proto-oncogene. J Urol 172 (4 Pt 1): 1256-61, 2004. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Toro JR, Wei MH, Glenn GM, et al.: BHD mutations, clinical and molecular genetic investigations of Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome: a new series of 50 families and a review of published reports. J Med Genet 45 (6): 321-31, 2008. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Toro JR, Glenn G, Duray P, et al.: Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome: a novel marker of kidney neoplasia. Arch Dermatol 135 (10): 1195-202, 1999. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Zbar B, Alvord WG, Glenn G, et al.: Risk of renal and colonic neoplasms and spontaneous pneumothorax in the Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11 (4): 393-400, 2002. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Pavlovich CP, Walther MM, Eyler RA, et al.: Renal tumors in the Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. Am J Surg Pathol 26 (12): 1542-52, 2002. [PUBMED Abstract]
  • Últimas actualizaciones de este resumen (09/05/2025)

    Los resúmenes de información sobre el cáncer del PDQ se revisan y actualizan periódicamente a medida que se dispone de nueva información. Esta sección describe los cambios más recientes realizados a este resumen hasta la fecha indicada.

    Inheritance and Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma

    Estadísticas actualizadas con estimaciones de nuevos casos de cáncer y muertes para 2025 (citado por la Sociedad Estadounidense del Cáncer como referencia 1).

    Family History as a Risk Factor for Renal Cell Carcinoma

    Se agregó la Sociedad Americana del Cáncer como referencia 1.

    This summary is written and maintained by the PDQ Cancer Genetics Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of NCI. The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or NIH. More information about summary policies and the role of the PDQ Editorial Boards in maintaining the PDQ summaries can be found on the About This PDQ Summary and PDQ® Cancer Information for Health Professionals pages.

    Sobre este resumen del PDQ

    Propósito de este resumen

    This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the genetics of renal cell carcinoma. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians in the care of their patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions.

    Revisores y actualizaciones

    This summary is reviewed regularly and updated as necessary by the PDQ Cancer Genetics Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

    Los miembros de la junta revisan artículos publicados recientemente cada mes para determinar si un artículo debe:

    • Debatirse en una reunión
    • Citarse dentro del texto
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    Los cambios en los resúmenes se realizan a través de un proceso de consenso en el que los miembros del comité evalúan la solidez de la evidencia en los artículos publicados y determinan cómo debe incluirse el artículo en el resumen.

    The lead reviewers for Genetics of Renal Cell Carcinoma are:

    • Alexandra Perez Lebensohn, MS, CGC (National Cancer Institute)
    • Brian Matthew Shuch, MD (UCLA Health)
    • Ramaprasad Srinivasan, MD, PhD (National Cancer Institute)

    Cualquier comentario o pregunta sobre el contenido del resumen debe enviarse a Cancer.gov a través de la sección Envíenos un correo electrónico del sitio web del NCI. No envíe preguntas o comentarios sobre los resúmenes a los miembros del comité. Ellos no responderán consultas individuales.

    Niveles de evidencia

    Some of the reference citations in this summary are accompanied by a level-of-evidence designation. These designations are intended to help readers assess the strength of the evidence supporting the use of specific interventions or approaches. The PDQ Cancer Genetics Editorial Board uses a formal evidence ranking system in developing its level-of-evidence designations.

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    PDQ® Cancer Genetics Editorial Board. PDQ Genetics of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/types/kidney/hp/renal-cell-carcinoma-genetics. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389510]

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    The information in these summaries should not be used as a basis for insurance reimbursement determinations. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the Managing Cancer Care page.

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    Source URL: https://www.cancer.gov/node/657735/syndication
    Agencia de origen: National Cancer Institute (NCI)
    Captured Date: 2013-11-05 15:00:17.0