How hormone therapy is used against cancer

Hormone therapy is used for two main reasons.

• Treat cancer. Hormone therapy can stop or slow cancer's growth and reduce the chance it will return.
• Ease cancer symptoms. Hormone therapy may be used to reduce or prevent symptoms in men with prostate cancer who are not able to have surgery or radiation therapy.

Types of hormone therapy

Hormone therapy falls into two broad groups, those that block the body’s ability to produce hormones and those that interfere with how hormones behave in the body.

Cancers treated with hormone therapy

Hormone therapy is used to treat prostate and breast cancers that use hormones to grow. Hormone therapy is most often used along with other cancer treatments. The types of treatment that you need depend on the type of cancer, if it has spread and how far, if it uses hormones to grow, and if you have other health problems.

How hormone therapy is used with other cancer treatments

When used with other treatments, hormone therapy can

Genetic Test May Help Predict Whether Prostate Cancer Will Spread

The test may help determine whether to treat with hormone therapy.

• make a tumor smaller before surgery or radiation therapy (called neoadjuvant therapy)
• lower the risk that cancer will come back after the main treatment (called adjuvant therapy)
• destroy cancer cells that have returned or spread to other parts of your body

Hormone therapy can cause side effects

Because hormone therapy blocks your body’s ability to produce hormones or interferes with how hormones behave, it can cause unwanted side effects. The side effects you have will depend on the type of hormone therapy you receive and how your body responds to it. People respond differently to the same treatment, so not everyone gets the same side effects. Some side effects also differ if you are a man or a woman.

Some common side effects for men who receive hormone therapy for prostate cancer include

• hot flashes
• loss of interest in or ability to have sex
• weakened bones
• diarrhea
• nausea
• enlarged and tender breasts
• fatigue

Learn more about sexual health issues in men with cancer.

Some common side effects for women who receive hormone therapy for breast cancer include

• hot flashes
• vaginal dryness
• changes in your periods if you have not yet reached menopause
• loss of interest in sex
• nausea
• mood changes
• fatigue

Learn more about sexual health issues in women with cancer.

How much hormone therapy costs

The cost of hormone therapy depends on

• the types of hormone therapy you receive
• how long and how often you receive hormone therapy
• the part of the country where you live

Talk with your health insurance company about what services it will pay for. Most insurance plans pay for hormone therapy for their members. To learn more, talk with the business office where you go for treatment. You can also go to the National Cancer Institute database, Organizations that Offer Support Services and search "financial assistance." Or call toll-free 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) to ask for help.

How hormone therapy is given

Hormone therapy may be given in many ways:

• Oral. Hormone therapy comes in pills that you swallow.
• Injection. The hormone therapy is given by a shot in a muscle in your arm, thigh, or hip, or right under the skin in the fatty part of your arm, leg, or belly.
• Surgery. You may have surgery to remove organs that produce hormones. In women, the ovaries are removed. In men, the testicles are removed.

Where you receive hormone therapy

Where you receive treatment depends on which hormone therapy you are getting and how it is given. You may take hormone therapy at home. Or you may receive hormone therapy in a doctor’s office, clinic, or hospital.

How hormone therapy may affect you

Hormone therapy affects people in different ways. How you feel depends on the type of cancer you have, how advanced it is, the type of hormone therapy you are getting, and the dose. Your doctors and nurses cannot know for certain how you will feel during hormone therapy.

How to tell if hormone therapy is working

If you are taking hormone therapy for prostate cancer, you will have regular PSA tests. If hormone therapy is working, your PSA levels will stay the same or may even go down. But, if your PSA levels go up, this may be a sign that the treatment is no longer working. If this happens, your doctor will discuss treatment options with you.

If you are taking hormone therapy for breast cancer, you will have regular check-ups. Checkups usually include an exam of the neck, underarm, chest, and breast areas. You will have regular mammograms, though you probably won’t need a mammogram of a reconstructed breast. Your doctor may also order other imaging procedures or lab tests.

Special diet needs

Hormone therapy for prostate cancer may cause weight gain. Talk with your doctor, nurse, or dietitian if weight gain becomes a problem for you.